Microfinance Institutions (MFI)

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Microfinance Institutions UPSC

Before going into microfinance institutions, let us first understand what is microfinance?

Microfinance meaning: Microfinance is a form of financial service which provides small loans and other financial services to poor and low-income households.
Read about RBI Releases Regulatory Framework for Microfinance Loans Directions, 2022

सूक्ष्म वित्त संस्थान (माइक्रो फाइनेंस इंस्टीट्यूशंस/एमएफआई)

</div></p> <h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Microfinance_objectives"></span>Microfinance objectives<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2> <ul> <li>Microfinance is an economic tool designed to promote financial inclusion which enables the poor and low-income households to come out of poverty, increase their income levels and improve overall living standards.</li> <li>Microfinance can also facilitate achievement of national policies that target poverty reduction, women empowerment, assistance to vulnerable groups, and improvement in the standards of living.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.adda247.com/product-onlineliveclasses/12235/target-5th-june-2-0-upsc-cse-2022-prelims-paper-i-ii-complete-batch-bilingual-live-classes-by-adda247"><img alt="Microfinance Institutions (MFI)_40.1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter" src="https://st.adda247.com/https://st.adda247.com/https://d2fldgtygklyv6.cloudfront.net/122341645264754.png?tr=w-300" width="300" height="300" /></a></p> <p> </p> <h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Microfinance_institutions_in_India"></span>Microfinance institutions in India<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2> <ul> <li>MFI is a financial organisation that offers financial services to low-income populations. <ul> <li>These services include <strong>microloans, microsavings and microinsurance</strong>.</li> </ul> </li> <li>In <strong>2010</strong>, on recommendations of H<strong>. Malegam Committee</strong> (by RBI), RBI created a new <a href="https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/non-banking-financial-companies-nbfc/">NBFC</a> category called Micro Finance Institution (MFI).</li> <li>MFI gives small loans to the poor <strong>without collateral</strong>, flexible EMI. <ul> <li>In India, all loans that are <strong>below Rs.1 lakh</strong> can be considered as small loans or microloans.</li> </ul> </li> <li>MFIs are regulated by The Non-Banking Financial Company -Micro Finance Institutions (Reserve Bank) Directions, 2011 of the RBI, and the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.</li> <li>Households whose annual income is not more than <strong>₹ 1.25 lakh (rural) or ₹ 2 lakhs (urban)</strong> are eligible to borrow from MFIs. However, maximum borrowing should not be more than ₹ 1.25 lakh.</li> <li>Indian microfinance sector has witnessed phenomenal growth over past two decades in terms of increase in both the number of institutions providing microfinance as also the quantum of credit made available to the microfinance customers.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://www.adda247.com/product-onlineliveclasses/8602/upsc-cse-ka-maha-pack-validity-12-months"><img alt="Microfinance Institutions (MFI)_50.1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="aligncenter" src="https://st.adda247.com/https://st.adda247.com/https://d2fldgtygklyv6.cloudfront.net/86021643782162.png?tr=w-300" width="300" height="300" /></a></p> <h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Microfinance_institutions_issues"></span>Microfinance institutions issues<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2> <ul> <li><strong>Inadequate data</strong>: The overall loan account have indeed been increasing, however, their impact on the economic status of the people is not well documented.</li> <li><strong>Over-indebtedness</strong>: The growing trend of multiple borrowing by clients and inefficient risk management are some of the most significant factors that stress the microfinance industry in India.</li> <li><strong>Higher interest rate</strong>: Most Microfinance Institutions charge a very high rate of interest (12-30%) when compared to commercial banks (8-12%), due to which the financial success of MFIs is limited when compared to commercial banks in India.</li> <li><strong>Dependence on banks</strong>: Most of the microfinance institutions are registered as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and depend on the formal banks like the commercial banks for stabilized funding. This dependence of Indian MFIs on banks makes them incompetent as a lending partner.</li> <li><strong>Loans for non-income generating purpose</strong>: The proportion of loans utilized for <strong>non-income generating purposes</strong> could be much higher than what is mandated by the RBI, which is 30% of the total MFI loans.</li> <li><strong>Geographic Factors – </strong>Around 60% of MFIs agree that the geographic factors make it difficult to communicate with clients of far-flung areas, which create a problem in growth and expansion of the organization.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Microfinance_institutions_solutions"></span>Microfinance institutions solutions<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2> <ul> <li>MFIs should focus on creating a sustainable and scalable microfinance model with a mandate that is unequivocal about both economic and social good.</li> <li>MFIs should also ensure that the ‘stated purpose of the loan’, that is often asked from customers at the loan-application stage, is verified at the end of the tenure of the loan.</li> <li>RBI should also encourage all institutions to monitor their impact on society by means of a ‘social impact scorecard’.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Economy_Notes_for_UPSC"></span>Economy Notes for UPSC<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/core-sector-industries/">Core Sector Industries</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/special-economic-zones-in-india/">Special Economic Zones in India</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/government-imposes-30-per-cent-tax-on-proceeds-of-digital-currency/">Government Imposes 30 per cent Tax on Proceeds of Digital Currency</a></td> <td><a href="https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/1000-day-plan-for-1-trillion-dollar-digital-economy/">1000 Day Plan for 1 trillion Dollar Digital Economy</a></td> <td><a 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class='pkg-description-container'><div class='title'><span class='pkg-title'>" + data.title + "</span></div><div class='price-field'><span class='cp-float-right selling-price ng-binding'>Rs " + data.price + "</span>"+ maxOriPrice +"<div class='view_more_btn btn_dwn'>Buy Now</div></div></div></div></a></li>"; } mockCnt++; } else if (data.categories=='ONLINE_LIVE_CLASSES') { if(lvClsCnt<= showItems){ if(onlineLiveListHtml===''){ onlineLiveListHtml += '<div class="category-title-container"><h3 class="category-title">Popular Online Live Classes</h3></div><ul>'; } surl = data.slugURL; nwUrl = surl.replace(/[\u{0080}-\u{10FFFF}]/gu,""); var url='https://www.adda247.com/product-onlineliveclasses/' + data.id + '/' + nwUrl+'?utm_source='+hostname+'&utm_medium=polc&utm_campaign=blog'; if(data.maxPrice>data.price){ maxOriPrice = "<del class='fade'>Rs " + data.maxPrice + "</del>"; } onlineLiveListHtml+="<li class='card-li'><a href='"+ url.toLowerCase() +"' target='_blank' rel='dofollow'><div class='panel card-background card-shadow'><div class='pkg-image-container'><img alt= '"+ data.title + "' class='package-img' src='https://st.adda247.com/"+ data.imgUrl +"' loading='lazy'></div><div class='pkg-description-container'><div class='title'><span class='pkg-title'>" + data.title + "</span></div><div class='price-field'><span class='cp-float-right selling-price ng-binding'>Rs " + data.price + "</span>"+ maxOriPrice +"<div class='view_more_btn btn_dwn'>Buy Now</div></div></div></div></a></li>"; } lvClsCnt++; } } uniqueList.push(data.title); }); if(onlineLiveListHtml!==''){ document.getElementById("onlinePackage").innerHTML = "<div>"+onlineLiveListHtml+"</ul></div>"; } if(testListHtml!==''){ document.getElementById("testSeries").innerHTML = "<div>"+testListHtml+"</ul></div>"; } } } store_packages('ONLINE_LIVE_CLASSES'); store_packages('TEST_SERIES'); </script> </div>  </div>  <div class="print-btns-wrapp"> <div class="print-btn-group"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" id="printPdf" 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min-height: 100px;'> </div> </div> <div class="close_ad_footer_mob" id="footer_mob_cross">X</div> </div> </div>  <script> $( document ).ready(function() { setTimeout(function(){ console.log($('#mobile_ad')); //$('#mobile_ad > div > div > iframe').map(function(){ document.getElementsByClassName('footer_sticky_ad_mob')[0].style.display='block'; //}); },5000); }); $(".close_ad_footer_mob").click(function(){ $(".footer_sticky_ad_mob").remove(); }); /*Interlink Module Blog-20 Start*/ $('#intelink-module-blogs ul li').each(function(){ $(this).find('a').click(function(){ var site = $(this).attr('data-site'); var cat = $(this).attr('data-cat'); ga('send', 'event', { eventCategory: 'Target website:'+site, eventAction: ' Category:'+cat, eventLabel: ' Interlinking Module clicked' }); }); }); /*Interlink Module Blog-20 End*/ </script> <script> $(window).scroll(function() { var bottom = $(window).scrollTop(); if (bottom >= 450) { jQuery(".footer_sticky_ad_mob").addClass("header_fixed"); } else { jQuery(".footer_sticky_ad_mob").removeClass("header_fixed"); 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