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Difference Between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Difference Between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Difference Between Classical and Operant Conditioning: Operant and Classical Conditioning are the common topics in the CDP section which comes in every TET and Teaching Exam. Both conditioning carries 2-3 marks in the MCQ format of the examination. Operant and Classical Conditioning are the methods of learning.

Both conditioning is an important part of the Learning chapter. Pavlov first investigated classical conditioning on digestion in dogs. Skinner first investigated operant or instrumental conditioning (OC) in mice. Apart from this interesting fact, Here we are going to learn many differences with examples in Operant and Classical Conditioning which helps candidates to easily understand them.

What is the Classical Conditioning?

Pavlov first investigated classical conditioning in the course of studies on digestion in dogs. In this kind of learning an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus (CS) that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response (CR) that anticipates and prepares the organism for the US.

What is the Operant Conditioning?

Skinner first investigated operant conditioning (OC). An operant is any response voluntarily emitted by an organism. OC is a type of learning in which response is strengthened if followed by reinforcement. A reinforcer can be any event that increases the frequency of the preceding response. Thus, the consequence of a response is crucial. The rate of OC is influenced by the type, number, schedule, and delay of reinforcement. 

Difference Between Operant and Classical Conditioning

We can divide the differences between classical and instrumental or operant conditions into the following two categories:

  1. Procedural Differences.
  2. Theoretical Differences.

हम प्राचीन और नैमित्तिक या क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन के बीच के अंतर को निम्नलिखित दो श्रेणियों में विभाजित कर सकते हैं:

  1. प्रक्रियात्मक अंतर
  2. सैद्धांतिक अंतर
  1. Procedural Differences: These types of differences occur due to the difference in manipulating the relationships of stimuli, responses and reinforcement. प्रक्रियात्मक अंतर: उत्तेजनाओं, प्रतिक्रियाओं और प्रबलन के संबंधों में हेरफेर करने के अंतर के कारण इस प्रकार के अंतर होते हैं

(i) Contingency of Responses and Results: In instrumental or operant responses, the responses & the results of responses depend mutually, while in classical conditioning, this contingency exists between conditioned stimulus (CS) and Unconditioned Stimulus (US).

जवाब और परिणामों की आकस्मिकता : नैमित्तिक या क्रियाप्रसूत प्रतिक्रियाओं में, प्रतिक्रियाओं और प्रतिक्रियाओं के परिणाम परस्पर निर्भर करते हैं, जबकि प्राचीन अनुबंधन में, यह आकस्मिकता सशर्त उत्तेजना (सीएस) और बिना शर्त उत्तेजना (यूएस) के बीच मौजूद है।

(ii) Clarity of Stimuli : Classical conditioning possesses identifiable CS & US, which in instrumental or operant conditioning, no stimulus can be  identified or recognized.  उत्तेजना की स्पष्टता:

प्राचीन अनुबंधन के पास पहचान योग्य CS और US होते हैं, जिसमें कि नैमित्तिक या क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन में, किसी भी उत्तेजना को पहचाना या पहचाना नहीं जा सकता है.

(iii) Role of Reinforcement: In classical conditioning, US functions as reinforcement because without it conditioning is not possible. In instrumental or operant conditioning, reinforcement is provided to some definite or determined response.

प्रबलन की भूमिका: प्राचीन अनुबंधन में, यूएस सुदृढीकरण के रूप में कार्य करता है क्योंकि इसके बिना अनुबंधन संभव नहीं है। नैमित्तिक या क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन में, कुछ निश्चित या निर्धारित प्रतिक्रिया के लिए प्रबलन प्रदान किया जाता है

(iv) Experimenter’s Control Over Response: In classical conditioning, that response is under the control of the experimenter which he wants to condition. He can produce that response which he wants to condition by providing the US to the subject as and when he wishes. Contrary to this in instrumental conditioning, the experimenter has no such stimulus by which he can get a response.

प्रतिक्रिया पर प्रायोगिक नियंत्रण:  प्राचीन अनुबंधन में, वह प्रतिक्रिया प्रयोगकर्ता के नियंत्रण में होती है जिसे वह अनुबंध करना चाहता है। वह उस प्रतिक्रिया को उत्पन्न कर सकता है जिसे वह अपनी इच्छानुसार अमेरिका को इस विषय पर उपलब्ध कराना चाहता है। नैमित्तिक अनुबंधन में इसके विपरीत, प्रयोग करने वाले के पास ऐसी कोई उत्तेजना नहीं होती है जिसके द्वारा वह प्रतिक्रिया प्राप्त कर सकता है।

(v) Response Type: It has been proved by various studies that only classical conditioning processes can study autonomic responses, such as saliva secretion. But in instrumental conditioning or operant conditioning, only the responses related to the nervous system can be conditioned.

प्रतिक्रिया प्रकार:  विभिन्न अध्ययनों से यह साबित हुआ है कि केवल प्राचीन अनुबंधन प्रक्रियाएं स्वायत्त प्रतिक्रियाओं का अध्ययन कर सकती हैं, जैसे लार का स्राव। लेकिन नैमित्तिक या क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन में, केवल तंत्रिका तंत्र से संबंधित प्रतिक्रियाओं को वातानुकूलित किया जा सकता है।

  1. Theoretical Differences: Thorndike has given the name to this phenomenon as learning by Trail and Error. From this point of view, classical conditioning is of S – S type and instrumental or operant conditioning is of S – R type conditioning. Both of these conditions are for two types of learning.

सैद्धांतिक अंतर: थार्नडाइक ने इस घटना को अधिगम के प्रयास व भूल का नाम दिया है। इस दृष्टि से, प्राचीन अनुबंधन S – S प्रकार की है और नैमित्तिक या क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन S – R प्रकार की है। ये दोनों ही अनुबंधन दो प्रकार के हैं

According to Skinner, in classical conditioning, the reinforcement is related to excitement, while in instrumental conditioning, there is a positive relationship between response and reinforcement. The reinforcement to instrumental conditioning depends on the type of response a subject produces.

स्किनर के अनुसार, प्राचीन अनुबंधन में, प्रबलन उत्तेजना से संबंधित है, जबकि नैमित्तिक अनुबंधन में, एक प्रतिक्रिया और प्रबलन के बीच एक सकारात्मक संबंध है। नैमित्तिक अनुबंधन के लिए प्रबलन एक विषय द्वारा उत्पन्न प्रतिक्रिया के प्रकार पर निर्भर करता है

Difference between Classical Conditioning Theory and Operant Conditioning Theory

प्राचीन अनुबंधन सिद्धांत और क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन सिद्धांत के बीच अंतर

S. No. Classical Conditioning Theory / प्राचीन अनुबंधन सिद्धांत Operant Conditioning Theory /क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन सिद्धांत
1 This theory was propounded by IVAN P. Pavlov a Russian Physiologist in 1903.

इस सिद्धांत को 1903 में एक रूसी फिजियोलॉजिस्ट आईवीएन पी पावलोव द्वारा प्रस्तावित किया गया था

This theory was propounded by B. F. Skinner, an American Psychologist, in 1938.

इस सिद्धांत को 1938 में अमेरिकी मनोवैज्ञानिक, बी एफ स्किनर द्वारा प्रस्तावित किया गया था

2 In this kind of conditioning the behaviour is affected by the stimulus.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में व्यवहार उत्तेजना से प्रभावित होता है

In this kind of conditioning the behaviour is free restraints.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में व्यवहार मुक्त प्रतिबंध है

3 In this kind of the conditioning the organism is not rewarded for every attempt (trail)

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में जीव को हर प्रयास (निशान) के लिए पुरस्कृत नहीं किया जाता है

In this kind of conditioning the organism is rewarded for each successful attempt.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में प्रत्येक सफल प्रयास के लिए जीव को पुरस्कृत किया जाता है

4 In this kind of  conditioning the link between the stimulus and Response is based on the law of Proximity.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में उत्तेजना और प्रतिक्रिया के बीच की कड़ी निकटता के नियम पर आधारित होती है

In this kind of conditioning the relationship between the stimulus and the response is based on the law of effect.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में उत्तेजना और प्रतिक्रिया के बीच संबंध प्रभाव के नियम पर आधारित होता है।

5 In this kind of conditioning the behaviour of the organism is controlled by Automatic Nervous System.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में जीव का व्यवहार ऑटोमैटिक नर्वस सिस्टम द्वारा नियंत्रित होता है।

In this kind of conditioning the behaviour of the organism is controlled by the Central Nervous System.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में जीव का व्यवहार सेंट्रल नर्वस सिस्टम द्वारा नियंत्रित होता है।

6 In this kind of conditioning the organism exhibits its inner behaviour.

इस तरह की अनुबंधन में जीव अपने आंतरिक व्यवहार को प्रदर्शित करता है

In this kind of conditioning the external behaviour of the organism is exhibited.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में जीव के बाहरी व्यवहार को प्रदर्शित किया जाता है।

7 In this kind of conditioning the organism remains passive.

इस तरह की अनुबंधन में जीव निष्क्रिय रहता है

In this kind of conditioning the organism remains active and to be rewarded it must act.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में जीव सक्रिय रहता है और पुरस्कृत होने के लिए उसे कार्य करना चाहिए।

8 In this kind of conditioning two stimuli are presented simultaneously. When one of stimuli is removed after sometime the organism responds to the stimulus present.

इस तरह की अनुबंधन में दो उत्तेजनाओं को एक साथ प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। जब उत्तेजनाओं में से एक को हटा दिया जाता है तो कुछ समय बाद जीव उपस्थित उत्तेजनाओं के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया करता है।

In this kind of conditioning two stimuli are presented simultaneously.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में दो उत्तेजनाओं को एक साथ प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।

9 In this kind of conditioning the reinforcement (the reward) is offered to the dog before it begins to salivate.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में कुत्ते को लार निकालने से पहले प्रबलन (पुरूस्कार) दिया जाता है

In this kind of conditioning the rat acts before it gets the reward.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में चूहे इनाम पाने से पहले ही काम कर लेते हैं

10 In this kind of conditioning the organism shows respondent behaviour. This kind of behaviour shows in response to a stimulus. Pavlov has used the term ‘elicited’ behaviour.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में जीव प्रतिक्रियाशील व्यवहार दिखाता है। एक उत्तेजना के जवाब में इस तरह का व्यवहार दर्शाता है। पावलोव ने “एलिकेटेड” शब्द का प्रयोग किया है

The behaviour in this kind of conditioning is operant behaviour. The operant behaviour as propounded by Skinner is ‘emitted’ behaviour.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में व्यवहार का क्रियाप्र्सूत होता है। स्किनर द्वारा प्रतिपादित व्यवहार व्यवहार ’उत्सर्जित’ व्यवहार है

11 This kind of conditioning is stimulus based conditioning.

इस तरह का अनुबंधन उत्तेजना आधारित अनुबंधन है।

This kind of conditioning is respondent behaviour.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन प्रतिक्रियाशील व्यवहार है।

12 In this kind of conditioning there is an associative relation between the two stimuli.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में दोनों उत्तेजनाओं के बीच एक साहचर्य संबंध होता है।

In this kind of conditioning there is an associative link between the stimulus and the response.

इस तरह के अनुबंधन में उत्तेजना और प्रतिक्रिया के बीच एक सहयोगी लिंक होता है.

Difference Between Classical and Operant Conditioning FAQ

Q. A teacher uses a text and some pictures of fruits and vegetables and holds discussions with her students. The students link the details with their previous knowledge and learn the concept of nutrition. This approach is based on.
Ans. Classical conditioning of learning: Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.

Q. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was
Ans. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was the sound of a bell

Q. Conditioned reflex learning theory given by
Ans. I. P. Pavlov

Q. Substitution learning theory given by
Ans. I. P. Pavlov

Q. S. R. Associationistic theory is given by
Ans. I. P. Pavlov

Q. Pavlov mastered in
Ans. Classical conditioning

Q. The conditioned stimulus gets its reinforcing power from association with the
Ans. Unconditioned stimulus

Q. Behaviour pattern that increases in frequency when followed by a reward is known as
Ans. Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning, is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior/

Q. In Skinner’s view secondary reinforces are derived when associated with
Ans. Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated

Q. A person rattles the box of dog biscuits before giving the biscuit to the dog. As the person rattles the box the dog begins to salivate. Thus rattling of box is . . . . . . . . . . . . ; and the salivation of dog is a kind of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ans. CS: CR

Q. Learning of fears is best explained by :
Ans. Fear conditioning is a form of classical conditioning, the type of associative learning pioneered by Ivan Pavlov in the 1920s.

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FAQs

What are examples of operant and classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is training dogs to salivate to the sound.
Operant conditioning is training them to sit by giving them a treat when they do.

What are the 4 types of operant conditioning?

Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.

A teacher uses a text and some picture of fruits and vegetables and holds discussions with her students. The students link the details with their previous knowledge and learn the concept of nutrition. This approach is based on.

Ans. Classical conditioning of learning :Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behaviour.

Q. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was

Ans. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was the sound of a bell

Q. Conditioned reflex learning theory given by

Ans. I. P. Pavlov

Q. Substitution learning theory given by

Ans. I. P. Pavlov

Q. S. R. Associationistic theory given by

Ans. I. P. Pavlov

Q. Pavlov mastered in

Ans. Classical conditioning

Q. The conditioned stimulus gets its reinforcing power from association with the

Ans. Unconditioned stimulus

Q. Behaviour pattern that increases in frequency when followed by a reward is known as

Ans. Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning, is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior

Q. Learning of fears is best explained by :

Ans. Fear conditioning is a form of classical conditioning, the type of associative learning pioneered by Ivan Pavlov in the 1920s.