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Math Symbols- All Mathematical Symbols with Examples

Math Symbols: We are unable to visualize mathematics without math symbols, whether it’s a simple addition problem or a difficult calculus problem. These mathematical symbols are necessary for various mathematical processes. These math symbols are employed in a variety of mathematical domains. from the representation of the equation to the explanation of what’s going on between the two integers. In mathematical operations, all math symbols are utilized to represent diverse concepts. Mathematical dimensions include algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and number theory, and the concept of maths is entirely based on numbers and math symbols. So in this article we dive into different sorts of math symbols of various math chapters such as Algebra, Sets, probability, calculus, math symbols greek, numerical symbols and more.

Math Symbols

It’s worth noting that Mathematics is entirely dependent on numbers and math symbols. In various conceptions, the primary use of all math symbols is to carry out mathematical operations.There are numerous other uses for math symbols besides referring to distinct quantities.

  • Math symbols in many topics and It aids in the representation of quantities.
  • Establishes quantitative relationships.
  • It aids in determining the type of operation we must carry out.

Mathematical Symbols with Names

Math symbols are ubiquitous and help to bridge the language gap. It all revolves around numbers, symbols, and formulas in mathematics. To express mathematical ideas, basic mathematical symbols are utilised. The symbol-value relationship relates to the fundamental mathematical condition. We’re here talking about the fundamental mathematical symbols with Names that we are learning from our childhood.

Basic Math symbols
Math Symbol Symbol Name in Maths Meaning Example
not equal sign inequality 9 ≠ 5
= equal sign equality 10 = 8 + 2
< strict inequality less than 9 < 18
> strict inequality greater than 8 > 1
inequality less than or equal to
x ≤ y, means, y = x or y > x
inequality greater than or equal to
a ≥ b, means, a = b or a > b, but not vice-versa
minus sign subtraction 8 − 2 = 6
+ plus sign addition 9 + 2 = 11
minus – plus both minus and plus operations
1 ∓ 4 = -3 and 5
± plus – minus both plus and minus operations
5 ± 3 = 8 and 2
× times sign multiplication 4 × 3 = 12
[ ] brackets calculate expression inside first
[ 3×6] + 2 = 20 + 3 = 23
( ) parentheses calculate expression inside first
3 × (3 + 7) = 3 × 10 = 30
n√a n-th root (radical) n√a · n√a · · · n times = a
for n=3, n√8 = 2
ppm per-million 1 ppm = 1/1000000
10ppm × 30 = 0.0003
per-mille 1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1%
10‰ × 30 = 0.3
ppt per-trillion 1ppt = 10-12
10ppt × 30 = 3×10-10
ppb per-billion 1 ppb = 1/1000000000
10 ppb × 30 = 3×10-7
* asterisk multiplication 2 * 3 = 6
÷ division sign / obelus division 15 ÷ 5 = 3
multiplication dot multiplication 2 ∙ 3 = 6
horizontal line division / fraction 8/2 = 4
/ division slash division 6 ⁄ 2 = 3
mod modulo remainder calculation 7 mod 3 = 1
ab power exponent 24 = 16
. period decimal point, decimal separator
4.36 = 4 +(36/100)
√a square root √a · √a = a √9 = ±3
a^b caret exponent 2 ^ 3 = 8
4√a fourth root 4√a ·4√a · 4√a · 4√a = a 4√16= ± 2
3√a cube root 3√a ·3√a · 3√a = a 3√343 = 7
% percent 1% = 1/100 10% × 30 = 3

Math Symbols List Logical

To execute various processes, a logical math symbols list is employed. The logical math symbols make referring to mathematical quantities easier. The logical math symbols not only relate to distinct quantities, but they also express the connections between two quantities and help to concise the interpretation.

Logical Math Symbols
Math Symbols Symbol Name in Math Meaning Example
and and x ⋅ y
& ampersand and x & y
+ plus or x + y
^ caret / circumflex and x ^ y
equivalent
if and only if (iff)
equivalent
if and only if (iff)
reversed caret or x ∨ y
| vertical line or x | y
x’ single quote not – negation x’
x bar not – negation x
¬ not not – negation ¬ x
! exclamation mark not – negation ! x
circled plus / oplus exclusive or – xor x ⊕ y
~ tilde negation ~ x
implies
therefore
because / since
for all
there exists
there does not exists

 

Math Symbols Greek

We frequently employ Greek symbols in other subjects as well. In their work, mathematicians utilize Greek alphabets and math symbols Greek to denote variables, constants, functions, and so on. The names of some of the most regularly used Greek symbols in mathematics are mentioned below.

Math Symbols Greek
Upper Case Letter Lower Case Letter Greek Letter Name How to Pronounce
English Equivalent/ Meaning
Α α Alpha al-fa a
Β β Beta be-ta b
Γ γ Gamma ga-ma g
Δ δ Delta del-ta d
Ε ε Epsilon ep-si-lon e
Ζ ζ Zeta Ze-ta z
Η η Eta eh-ta h
Θ θ Theta te-ta th
Ι ι Iota io-ta i
Κ κ Kappa ka-pa k
Λ λ Lambda lam-da l
Μ μ Mu m-yoo m
Μ μ Mu m-yoo m
Ν ν Nu noo n
Ν ν Nu noo n
Ξ ξ Xi x-ee x
Ο ο Omicron o-mee-c-ron o
Π π Pi pa-yee p
Ρ ρ Rho row r
Σ σ Sigma sig-ma s
Τ τ Tau ta-oo t
Υ υ Upsilon oo-psi-lon u
Φ φ Phi f-ee ph
Χ χ Chi kh-ee ch
Ψ ψ Psi p-see ps
Ω ω Omega o-me-ga o

 

Geometry Symbols

Geometry is an important subject of mathematics that is concerned with the features of geometric object configurations such as lines that are parallel, angles, circles, points, and so on. Here we include all of the geometry symbols that students should be familiar with.

Geometry Symbols in Mathematics
Math Symbol Symbol Name Meaning  Example
deg degree 1 turn = 360deg α = 60deg
angle formed by two rays ∠ABC = 30°
° degree 1 turn = 360° α = 60°
Math Symbols- All Mathematical Symbols with Examples -_3.1
measured angle
the angle we are talking about ABC = 30°
Math Symbols- All Mathematical Symbols with Examples -_4.1
spherical angle
AOB = 30°
right angle α = 90°
grad gradians/gons grads angle unit 360° = 400 grad
g gradians/gons grads angle unit 360° = 400 g
prime arcminute, 1° = 60′ α = 60°59′
double prime arcsecond, 1′ = 60″ α = 60°59′59″
line infinite line
AB line segment
line from point A to point B
ray
line that start from point A
arc
arc from point A to point B
perpendicular perpendicular lines (90° angle) AC ⊥ BC
parallel parallel lines AB ∥ CD
congruent to equivalence of geometric shapes and size ∆ABC≅ ∆XYZ
~ similarity same shapes, not same size ∆ABC~ ∆XYZ
Δ triangle triangle shape ΔABC≅ ΔBCD
|x-y| distance distance between points x and y | x-y | = 5
π pi constant π = 3.141592654…is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle c = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅r
rad radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π rad
c radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π c

 

Algebra Symbols

These math symbols in algebra indicate non-fixed quantities known as variables. Algebra is a mathematical aspect that involves symbols and the rules used to deceive those symbols. Mathematics discusses the link between variables in algebra. Look at the table below, where we discussed almost all algebra symbols.

Algebra Symbols
Math Symbol Symbol Name Meaning Example
f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x) f (x) = 3x+5
| x | single vertical bar absolute value | -5 | = 5
equivalence identical to
x x variable unknown value to find
when 2x = 4, then x = 2
:= equal by definition
equal by definition
equal by definition
equal by definition
approximately equal approximation
sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01
~ approximately equal weak approximation 11 ~ 10
lemniscate
infinity symbol
proportional to proportional to
y ∝ x when y = kx, k constant
much greater than much greater than 1000000 ≫ 1
much less than much less than 1 ≪ 1000000
[ ] brackets calculate expression inside first
[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
( ) parentheses calculate expression inside first 2 * (3+5) = 16
⌊x⌋ floor brackets rounds number to lower integer ⌊4.3⌋= 4
{ } braces set
x! exclamation mark factorial
4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24
⌈x⌉ ceiling brackets rounds number to upper integer ⌈4.3⌉= 5
π pi constant π = 3.141592654…
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle
c = π·d = 2·π·r
φ golden ratio
golden ratio constant
(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} x ∈ (2,6)
(f ∘g) function composition (f ∘g) (x) = f (g(x))
f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 ⇒(f ∘g)(x)=3(x-1)
delta change / difference ∆t = t1 – t0
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} x ∈ [2,6]
sigma summation – sum of all values in range of series
∑ xi= x1+x2+…+xn
discriminant Δ = b2 – 4ac
∑∑ sigma
double summation
e e constant / Euler’s number e = 2.718281828…
e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
capital pi product – product of all values in range of series ∏ xi=x1∙x2∙…∙xn
γ Euler-Mascheroni constant
γ = 0.527721566…

 

Math Symbols Name in English: Linear Algebra

All math symbols name in English related to the Linear Algebra section are discussed below.

Linear Algebra Symbols
Math Symbol Symbol Name Meaning Example
| A | determinant
determinant of matrix A
· dot scalar product a · b
× cross vector product a × b
A⊗B tensor product tensor product of A and B A ⊗ B
inner product
[ ] brackets
matrix of numbers
( ) parentheses
matrix of numbers
|| x || double vertical bars norm
det(A) determinant
determinant of matrix A
dim(U) dimension dimension of matrix A dim(U) = 3
AT transpose matrix transpose (AT)ij = (A)ji
A† Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A†)ij = (A)ji
A* Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A*)ij = (A)ji
A -1 inverse matrix A A-1 = I
rank(A) matrix rank the rank of matrix A rank(A) = 3

 

Probability and Statistics Symbols

Statistics and probability are two distinct but connected academic areas. Probability is the likelihood that something will occur – the probability that it is that an event will occur. Probability distributions are frequently used in statistical analysis, and the two disciplines are frequently studied together. Students investigate Probability and Statistics Symbols, Naming Meanings, and Examples in the table below-

Probability and Statistics Symbols
Math Symbols Symbol Name Meaning Example
summation
summation – sum of all values in the range of series
∑∑ double summation
double summation
P(A) probability function probability of event A P(A)= 0.5
P(A ∩ B) probability of events intersection the probability that events A and B
P(A ∩ B)= 0.5
P(A ∪ B) probability of events union probability that events A or B
P(A ∪ B)= 0.5
P(A | B) conditional probability function probability of event A given event B occurred P(A | B)= 0.3
f( X ) probability density function (pdf)
P( a ≤ x ≤ b ) =∫f( X ) dx
F( X ) cumulative distribution function (cdf)
F( X ) =P( X ≤ x)
μ population mean mean of population values μ= 10
E( X ) expectation value the expected value of random variable X E( X ) = 10
E( X | Y ) conditional expectation expected value of random variable X given Y
E( X | Y = 2 ) = 5
var( X ) variance variance of random variable X var( X )= 4
σ2 variance variance of population values σ2= 4
std( X ) standard deviation standard deviation of random variable X std( X ) = 2
σx standard deviation standard deviation value of random variable X σx = 2
median
middle value of random variable x
cov( X,Y ) covariance covariance of random variables X and Y cov( X,Y )= 4
corr( X,Y ) correlation correlation of random variables X and Y
corr( X,Y )= 0.6
cov( X,Y ) covariance covariance of random variables X and Y cov( X,Y )= 4
corr( X,Y ) correlation correlation of random variables X and Y
corr( X,Y )= 0.6
ρ x,y correlation correlation of random variables X and Y ρ x,y= 0.6
X ~ distribution of X distribution of random variable X X ~ N (0,3)
X ~ distribution of X distribution of random variable X X ~ N (0,3)
Mo mode
value that occurs most frequently in population
MR mid-range
MR =( xmax+xmin)/2
Md sample median
half the population is below this value
Q1 lower / first quartile
25 % of population are below this value
Q2 median / second quartile
50% of population are below this value = median of samples
Q3 upper / third quartile
75% of population are below this value
x sample mean average / arithmetic mean
x=(2+5+9) /3=5.333
s2 sample variance population samples variance estimator s2= 4
s sample standard deviation population samples standard deviation estimator s= 2
Zx standard score Zx=(x-x)/ Sx
HG( N ,K ,n )
hyper-geometric distribution
Bern( p )
Bernoulli distribution
N(μσ2) normal distribution gaussian distribution X ~ N (0,3)
U( a,b ) uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b X ~ U (0,3)
exp(λ) exponential distribution
f(x)=λe-λx x≥0
gamma(c, λ) gamma distribution
f(x)=λ c xc-1 e-λx / Γ ( c ) x≥0
χ2(k) chi-square distribution
f(x)=xk/2-1 e-x/2 / ( 2k/2Γ )(k/2) )
F (k1,k2) F distribution
Bin( n,p ) binomial distribution
F(k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k
Poisson( λ ) Poisson distribution
F(k) = λke-λ / k !
Geom( p ) geometric distribution
F(k) = p( 1-p)k

 

Advanced Math Symbols: Calculus

Various math symbols have appeared in calculus. All the symbols of mathematics with names and definitions can be found here. Examine all of the mathematical symbols utilized during calculus.

Calulas Symbols
Symbol Symbol Name in Maths Math Symbols Meaning Example
integral opposite to derivation
∫xn dx = xn + 1/n + 1 + C
ε epsilon represents a very small number, near-zero ε → 0
limx→a limit limit value of a function
limx→a(3x+1)= 3 × a + 1 = 3a + 1
y ‘ derivative derivative – Lagrange’s notation (5×3)’ = 15×2
e e constant / Euler’s number e = 2.718281828…
e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
y(n) nth derivative n times derivation
nth derivative of 3xn = 3 n (n-1)(n-2)….(2)(1)= 3n!
y” second derivative derivative of derivative (4×3)” = 24x
second derivative
derivative of derivative
dy/dx derivative
derivative – Leibniz’s notation
nth derivative
n times derivation
Second derivative of time derivative of derivative
If y = 4t2, then
Single derivative of time derivative by time – Newton’s notation y = 5t, then
D2x second derivative derivative of derivative
y” + 2y + 1 = 0
⇒ D2y + 2Dy + 1 = 0
Dx derivative derivative – Euler’s notation dy/x – 1 = 0
⇒ Dy – 1 = 0
δ delta function
Dirac Delta function
partial derivative Differentiating a function with respect to one variable considering the other variables as constant
∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x
triple integral
integration of the function of 3 variables
double integral integration of the function of 2 variables
∬(x3+y3)dx dy
closed surface integral Double integral over a closed surface
∭V (⛛.F)dV = ∯S (F.n̂) dS
closed contour / line integral Line integral over closed curve ∮C 2/z dz
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} sin x ∈ [ – 1, 1]
closed volume integral Volume integral over a closed three-dimensional domain
∰ (x2 + y2 + z2) dx dy dz
(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}
f is continuous within (0, 1)
z* complex conjugate z = a+bi → z*=a-bi
If z = 3 + 2i then z* = 3 – 2i
i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1 z = 3 + 2i
nabla / del gradient / divergence operator ∇f (x,y,z)
vector
A quantity with magnitude and direction
x * y convolution Modification in a function due to the other function.
y(t) = x(t) * h(t)
lemniscate infinity symbol
3x ≥ 0; x ∈ (0, ∞)

 

Set Theory Symbols

Set theory is a theory of mathematics that was designed to explain the groupings of items. Sets have proven to be an invaluable tool for describing some of mathematics’ most complex structures. They are primarily used to specify a wide range of real-world applications. Let us look at the many sorts of symbols employed during mathematics set theory, as well as their meanings and examples.

Set Theory Symbols
Math Symbols Symbol Name Meaning Example
A = B equality both sets have the same members A={6,4,17},
B={6,4,17},
A=B
{ } set a collection of elements A = {3,7,9,14},
B = {9,14,28}
A ∩ B intersection objects that belong to set A and set B A ∩ B = {9,14}
A ∪ B union objects that belong to set A or set B
A ∪ B = {3,7,9,14,28}
A ⊆ B subset A is a subset of B. set A is included in set B.
{9,14,28} ⊆ {9,14,28}
A ⊂ B proper subset / strict subset A is a subset of B, but A is not equal to B.
{9,14} ⊂ {9,14,28}
A ⊄ B not subset set A is not a subset of set B
{9,66} ⊄ {9,14,28}
A ⊇ B superset A is a superset of B. set A includes set B
{9,14,28} ⊇ {9,14,28}
A ⊃ B proper superset / strict superset A is a superset of B, but B is not equal to A.
{9,14,28} ⊃ {9,14}
A ⊅ B not superset set A is not a superset of set B
{9,14,28} ⊅ {9,66}
2A power set
all subsets of A
power set
all subsets of A
A×B cartesian product set of all ordered pairs from A and B
A×B = {(a,b)|a∈A , b∈B}
Ac complement
all the objects that do not belong to set A
A \ B relative complement objects that belong to A and not to B A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A-B = {9,14}
A – B relative complement objects that belong to A and not to B A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A-B = {9,14}
A ∆ B symmetric difference objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection
A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A ∆ B = {1,2,9,14}
A ⊖ B symmetric difference objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection
A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A ⊖ B = {1,2,9,14}
a∈A element of,
belongs to
set membership
A={3,9,14}, 3 ∈ A
x∉A not element of no set membership
A={3,9,14}, 1 ∉ A
(a,b) ordered pair
collection of 2 elements
complex numbers set
6+2i ∈
|A| cardinality the number of elements of set A
A={3,9,14}, |A|=3
#A cardinality the number of elements of set A
A={3,9,14}, #A=3
| vertical bar such that A={x|3<x<14}
aleph-null
infinite cardinality of natural numbers set
aleph-one
cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set
Ø empty set Ø = { } C = {Ø}
universal set
set of all possible values
0 natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero) 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,…} 0 ∈ 0
1 natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero) 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,…} 6 ∈ 1
integer numbers set
-6 ∈
rational numbers set
2/6 ∈
real numbers set
6.343434∈

 

Mathematical Language and Symbols

Roman numerals are employed in a variety of applications and are frequently seen in our daily lives. The followings are the most popular Roman and European numeric symbols used in mathematics.

Numerical Symbols
Name European Roman
zero 0 n/a
one 1 I
two 2 II
three 3 III
four 4 IV
five 5 V
six 6 VI
seven 7 VII
eight 8 VIII
nine 9 IX
ten 10 X
eleven 11 XI
twelve 12 XII
thirteen 13 XIII
fourteen 14 XIV
fifteen 15 XV
sixteen 16 XVI
seventeen 17 XVII
eighteen 18 XVIII
nineteen 19 XIX
twenty 20 XX
thirty 30 XXX
forty 40 XL
fifty 50 L
sixty 60 LX
seventy 70 LXX
eighty 80 LXXX
ninety 90 XC
one hundred 100 C

 

 

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FAQs

What does ∧ mean in math?

∧ is the mathematical sign for logical conjunction, which is equivalent to the AND operator you're familiar with. Similarly, is (most commonly) logical disjunction, which corresponds to the OR operator.

What symbols is in math?

In mathematical operations, all math symbols are utilized to represent diverse concepts. Mathematical dimensions include algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and number theory, and the concept of maths is entirely based on numbers and math symbols.

What is the ⪯ symbol?

We frequently use it to signify a partial ordering and refer to (A,) as a partially ordered set or a poset.

About the Author

Hi buds, I am Monisa, a postgraduate in Human Physiology (specialization in Ergonomics and Occupational health) with 1.5 years of experience in the school education sector. With versatile writing skills, I provide educational content to help students find the right path to success in various domains, such as JEE, NEET, CUET, and other entrance exams.