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Microeconomics Class 11 Chapter 1 Notes- Central Problems Of An Economy 

(A) What to produce: An economy has finite resources that can be used for various purposes compared to endless demands. For example:-Consumer and producer product, products are produced by the economy. In order to determine what kinds of commodities and services will be produced and in what amounts, the economy must make these decisions.

 

(B) How much to produce: Selecting a production method is an issue. Two categories of production techniques exist

 

• Labor-Intensive Technique: A production method known as a labor-intensive methodology uses more labor than capital.
• Capital-Intensive Technique: This technique makes greater use of capital than labor.

 

(C) For whom to produce: It is a distribution issue concerning manufactured items among diverse socioeconomic groupings from whom to produce. It has two features:

 

• Personal distribution:  When the national revenue is allocated based on who owns the production elements, this is known as a “personal distribution.”
• Functional distribution: Distribution of national revenue or output among different production factors, such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship, with the aim of paying them in the form of rent, wages, interest, and profit.

Introduction to Microeconomics Class 11 Chapter 1

• It is a field of social science that investigates how commodities and services are made, sold, and used.

 

• In Adam Smith’s 1776 work, “An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nature,” the term “Economics” was Economics was defined as managing a home with limited funds in the most cost-effective way possible. 

 

• It seeks to address the issue of scarcity, which arises when the demand for goods and services exceeds the supply.

 

• The word “economics” is a combination of the Greek words “eco” and “nomos,” which both mean “house” and “accounts,” respectively.

 

• How to maintain family accounts has evolved into the topic’s current broad scope.

Microeconomics Class 11 Chapter 1 Notes-Meaning Of Economics

• It is the genuine study of choice and scarcity.

 

• It looks for solutions to balance the disparate needs and resources.

 

• Community living issues are explained by economics in terms of underlying resource costs and consumer advantages.

 

• Economics is concerned with how activities that come from specialisation are coordinated.

Microeconomics Class 11- Definitions Of Economics

The formal definition of economics can be traced back to the great Scottish economist Adam Smith (1723-90). Adam Smith and his followers, following the mercantilist tradition, regarded economics as a science of wealth that studies the processes of wealth production, consumption, and accumulation.

 

The emphasis in Alfred Marshall’s book “Principles of Economics,” published in 1890, was on human activities or welfare rather than wealth. “A study of men as they live, move, and think in the ordinary business of life,” Marshall defines economics. He claimed that economics is a study of wealth on one hand and a study of man on the other.

Microeconomics Class 11 Chapter 1 Notes- Branches Of Economics

Generally speaking, there are two branches of economics. They are the following:- 

 

Microeconomics:- It is the area of economics that focuses on single units.

 

• Other names for it include cost theory, price theory, and demand theory.

 

Macroeconomics:- Another area of economics that deals with aggregates is called macroeconomics.

 

• The father of macroeconomics is regarded as John Maynard Keynes.
• It is also known as income theory.

Microeconomics Class 11 Notes- Difference Between Micro and Macro Economics

 

POINTS OF DIFFERENCE	MICROECONOMICS	MACROECONOMICS
Unit of study	Individual	Aggregate
Method	Partial Equilibrium	General Equilibrium
View point	Worm’s eye view	Birds eye Jview
Example	Demand for a pen, the salary of a person, utility, cost, etc.	National income, aggregate demand, inflation, money supply

Microeconomics Class 11- Production Possibility Curve

• The production possibility frontier is a curve that shows every pairing of two items that can be produced in a certain economy using a certain set of resources and technological capabilities.

 

• The transformation curve or the production possibility curve are other names for the production possibility frontier.

 

• Due to limited and scarce resources, it is only possible to expand the production of one good by decreasing the production of another. The PPC curve is concave as a result.

 

Microeconomics Class 11-Assumptions Of Production Possibility Curve

The following assumptions form the basis of the PP curve concept:

 

• The economy’s resource base is fixed.

 

• Pre-installed and unaltered technology.

 

• The available resources are efficient and used entirely.

 

• All resources are not equally efficient in the creation of all things.

Microeconomics Class 11- Diagram Of Production Possibility Curve

 

In the PPC shown above, the OX and OY axis stand in for the quantities of GOOD 1 and GOOD 2. The different production options are A, B, C, and D.

 

Microeconomics Class 11 Chapter 1 Notes– PDF Questions and Answers

Ques 1. Describe normative economics and provide a good illustration.

Ans. The field of economics known as normative economics investigates how a country’s economy ought to run in a perfect world. It emphasises the aspect of “what ought to be.” For instance, farmers should receive subsidies, etc.

 

Ques 2. What is scarcity?

Ans. A shortage of resources in comparison to the demand for them is referred to as scarcity.

 

Ques 3. Identify the three main central issues facing an economy.

Ans. The three central problems are:

• What should be produced?
• How to  produce?
• For whom should the product be produced?

 

Ques 4. A point inside the PPC denotes what?

Ans. A point on the PPC (Production Possibility Curve) denotes underutilization of resources.

 

Ques 5. A Production Possibility Curve (PPC) is concave for a reason. Explain.

Ans. Because every extra unit of good X requires the sacrifice of an increasing number of units of good Y, the Production Possibility Curve (PPC) is concave to the origin. The opportunity cost of manufacturing each extra unit of good X tends to increase in relation to the loss of production of good Y. This is because different production factors do not perfectly replace one another.

 

Ques 6. Does a high unemployment rate cause the PPC to move to the left?

Ans. Inefficient resource usage, which does not lower the economy’s potential for production, is what leads to high rates of unemployment. Therefore, there won’t be a change in PPC. The economy will function within the PPC as a result of underutilization of resources.

 

Ques 7. “Choice and Scarcity go together.” Comment.

Ans. We all desire access to better housing, education, entertainment, clothing, and food. But there are not enough resources to satisfy all of our needs. Even the most developed economies are unable to meet everyone’s demands. It means that resource scarcity is a common aspect of every economy and that it creates an issue of choice, or how to make the best use of the resources that are now accessible. There would not have been a problem with choosing if resources had been plentiful. Therefore, the choice issue in a scarce environment is a concern of economics.

 

Ques 8. Distinguish between a centrally planned economy and a market economy.

Ans.

Points of Difference		Centrally Planned Economy	Market Economy
1	Ownership of factors of production	Factors of production are publically owned; i.e., public ownership.	Factors of production are privately owned.
2	Production motive	The motive of production is social welfare.	The main motive is profit making.
3	Governing factor	The production is governed by planning mechanism; i.e. according to the government plans.	The production is governed by price mechanism; i.e., by demand and supply.
4	Income distribution	The degree of inequality of income is low.	There exists unequal distribution of income.
5	Government’s role	The main role is played by the government−from production to distribution.	The main role is played by private players. They decide what to produce, while the role of a government is limited to maintaining law and order in the nation.

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Microeconomics Class 11- QNAs

Ques 1. What is the primary issue covered in Microeconomics 11?

Ans. The equilibrium of the prices and quantities of products and services in the individual market is the basic goal of microeconomics.

 

Ques 2. What leads to scarcity?

Ans. There are four main causes of scarcity, however, there may be other factors involved. Potential reasons for scarcity include unequal resource distribution, one’s own perspective on resources, a sharp rise in demand, and a sharp fall in supply.

 

Ques 3. What part does the economy play?

Ans. An economy is a collection of interconnected production and consumption processes that ultimately decide how resources are distributed within a community.

 

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