Correct option is D
In recent years, ruthenium-based molecules have emerged as promising antitumor and anti-metastatic agents with potential uses in platinum-resistant tumors or as alternatives to platinum. Ruthenium compounds theoretically possess unique biochemical features allowing them to accumulate preferentially in neoplastic tissues and to convert to their active state only after entering tumor cells. Intriguingly, some ruthenium agents show significant activity against cancer metastases but have minimal effects on primary tumors.
In preclinical studies, NAMI-A has demonstrated inhibitory effects against the formation of cancer metastases in a variety of tumor animal models but appears to lack direct cytotoxic effects. NAMI-A is capable not only of preventing the formation of metastases but also of inhibiting their growth once established. Preclinical animal studies using NAMI-A have shown selective activity against lung metastases from a variety of primary tumors in murine models. NAMI-A reduced the weight of lung metastases more than their number. Since larger concentrations of NAMI-A in the lungs than in other tissues was ruled out, this finding was assumed to be related to the selective interference of NAMI-A with the growth of metastases already established in the lungs.
In 2001, a novel group of arene ruthenium(II) diamines was developed. These agents demonstrated strong cytotoxicity in cancer cells in vitro associated with a parallel DNA interaction. RM175, one of the lead compounds in this class. Substituting the hexafluorophosphate (PF6) anion in RM175 for chloride results in another ruthenium salt, ONCO4417, possessing antineoplastic activities. In vitro studies have demonstrated that ONCO4417 has comparable efficacy to platinum in a number of tumor cell lines (including ovarian, lung, esophageal, pancreatic, melanoma, and colorectal).
Satraplatin is a platinum-based antineoplastic agent that was under investigation as a treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer who have failed previous chemotherapy. The drug has also been used in the treatment of lung and ovarian cancers.
