Correct option is A
Explanation-
All three are fundamental drivers of the extinction vortex:
1. Reduced population size increases the chance of mating between relatives
2. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive alleles
3. Loss of genetic diversity reduces adaptability to changing environments
These are the core components of the extinction vortex and accurately describe the downward spiral that leads to extinction.
Incorrect options -
Option b : Emigration, fragmented habitat, inbreeding
Emigration (organisms leaving a population) usually increases genetic diversity in the recipient population and is not a direct driver of extinction. Fragmented habitat can contribute to extinction, but it's more of an indirect factor.
Inbreeding is a relevant factor.
Option c : Immigration, reduced population size, loss of genetic diversity
Immigration helps increase genetic variation (opposite of extinction vortex). Reduced population size and loss of diversity are relevant. Due to the inclusion of immigration (which is helpful),
Option d : Catastrophic events, reduced population size, outbreeding
Catastrophic events and reduced size are real risks. But outbreeding introduces new alleles, increasing genetic diversity and reducing extinction risk. So again, this contradicts the concept of the vortex.
Final answer- Option a - Reduced population size, loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding
