​Match List - I with List - II.​

List-I (Substages)	List-II (Descriptions)
(A) Obedience Orientation	(I) Moral reasoning based on winning the approval of others
(B) Interpersonal Norms	(II) Moral reasoning based on moral principles that apply to all
(C) Social Contract	(III) Moral reasoning based on the belief that adults know what is right or wrong
(D) Universal Ethical Principles	(IV) Moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are for the good of all members of society

Correct option is B

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• (A) Obedience Orientation → (III) Moral reasoning based on the belief that adults know what is right or wrong.

• (B) Interpersonal Norms → (I) Moral reasoning based on winning the approval of others.

• (C) Social Contract → (IV) Moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are for the good of all members of society.

• (D) Universal Ethical Principles → (II) moral reasoning based on moral principles that apply to all 

Information Booster

Levels and Stages of Moral Development

1. Preconventional Level (Egocentric Moral Reasoning) – Childhood

At this level, morality is externally controlled, and individuals base their moral decisions on consequences such as rewards and punishments.

• Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

• Moral reasoning is driven by avoiding punishment.

• "Right" and "wrong" are determined by the consequences of actions.

• Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange (Self-Interest Orientation)

• Morality is based on personal gain and reciprocal benefits.

• Individuals recognize that different people may have different interests.

2. Conventional Level (Social-Oriented Moral Reasoning) – Adolescence to Adulthood

Morality is based on social norms, rules, and the desire to maintain social order.

• Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships (Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation)

• Moral behavior is motivated by seeking approval and maintaining relationships.

• Emphasis on being a "good" person in the eyes of others.

• Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order (Law and Order Orientation)

• Morality is based on obeying laws and respecting authority to maintain social stability.

• Rules are seen as necessary for societal order.

3. Postconventional Level (Principled Moral Reasoning) – Adulthood (Rarely Reached by All Individuals)

Morality is guided by abstract principles and ethical values that may transcend laws.

• Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

• Laws and rules are seen as flexible and should benefit society.

• Moral reasoning considers human rights and social welfare.

• Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

• Moral reasoning is based on self-chosen ethical principles such as justice, equality, and human dignity.

• Individuals at this stage act according to their conscience, even if it conflicts with laws or societal norms.

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