CBSE Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26, Check PDF and Important Topics

The CBSE Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26 is divided into two sections: A and B. Part A is for Fundamentals of Human Geography, which discusses the human population, its distribution, growth, and development. Part B discusses the Indian people and economy. CBSE has revealed the new syllabus for the upcoming academic year 2025-26.

This CBSE Class 12th geography syllabus 2025-26 includes thorough information about the course structure, content, and a list of practicals, among other things. Check and download the CBSE Class 12 Geography Syllabus CBSE 2025-26 PDF from this page.

CBSE Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26

Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26: Unit 1

Chapter 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope

•  Introduction to Human Geography
• Approaches to study Human Geography Regional and Systematic
  Geography, Dualism
• Nature of Human Geography
• Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of Nature
• Schools of thought in Human Geography
• Fields and subfields of Human Geography

Unit 2:

Chapter- 2 The World Population Distribution, Density and Growth

 Population-distribution and density
 Factors influencing the distribution of population
 Population Growth
 Components of Population change
 Demographic Transition
 Population Control Measures

Chapter- 3 Human Development

• Human development – concept; selected indicators
• Growth and Development
• The four pillars of Human Development
• Approaches to Human Development
• Measuring Human Development- HDI, HPI and GNH
• International comparisons

Unit 3:

Chapter- 4 Primary Activities Concept and types:

• Hunting and Gathering, Pastoralism; Nomadic Herding, Commercial Livestock Rearing
• Types of agriculture:

❖ Primitive Subsistence
❖ Intensive Subsistence

• Commercial Agriculture
  ❖ Plantation Agriculture
  ❖ Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
  ❖ Mixed Farming
  ❖ Dairy farming
  ❖ Mediterranean Agriculture
  ❖ Market Gardening and Horticulture
  ❖ Cooperative Farming
  ❖ Collective Farming
• Mining, factors affecting mining
• Methods of MiningChapter- 5 Secondary Activities

● Manufacturing: Characteristics of Modern large-Scale Manufacturing
● Factors influencing industrial Location
● Classification of manufacturing Industries: On the basis of Size, Inputs
/raw material, Output /Products and Ownership
● Concept of High tech Industry
Chapter- 6 Tertiary Activities
● Tertiary activities-concept and types
● Trade and commerce: Retail and Wholesale trading Transport, Factors
Affecting Transport;
● Communication
● Services
● People engaged in tertiary activities
● Tourism, Major tourist regions
● Tourist attractions – some examples from selected countries
● Medical Services for Overseas Patients in India
● Quaternary and Quinary activities-concept
● The Digital Divide

Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication

● Transport
● Modes of Transportation:
● Land transport: Roadways, Highways, Road Density, Border Roads.
● Railways: Trans-continental Railways: Trans-Siberian, Trans Canadian,
Australian Trans Continental,
● Water Transport: Important Sea Routes, Shipping Canals, Inland
waterways
● Air transport: Inter-Continental air routes
● Pipelines
● Communications: Satellite Communications and Cyber Space- Internet
Chapter- 8 International Trade
● History of International trade
● Why Does International Trade Exist?
● Basis of International Trade
● Balance of Trade
● Types of International Trade: Bilateral and Multi-lateral trade
● Case for Free Trade
● Concept of Dumping
● World Trade Organisation
● Regional Trade Blocs
● Concerns Related to International Trade
● Gateways of International trade: Ports
● Types of Port
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Book: India: People and Economy

Unit 1:

Chapter- 1 Population Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

 Distribution of Population
 Density of Population
 Growth of population
 Four distinct phases of population growth
 Regional Variation in Population Growth
 Population Composition: Rural – Urban Composition, Linguistic
Composition, Religious Composition
 Composition of Working Population
 Promoting Gender Sensitivity through ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ Social Campaign.

Unit 2:

Chapter- 2 Human Settlements

 Rural settlements – types and distribution
 Urban settlements – types, distribution
 Evolution of Towns in India
 Urbanisation in India
 Functional Classification of Towns
 Smart Cities Mission

Unit 3:

Chapter- 3 Land Resources and Agriculture

Land resources- general land use
Land use categories
Land-use Changes in India
Common Property Resources
Agricultural Land Use in India
Cropping Seasons in India
Types of Farming
 Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice,
Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber);
 Agricultural development in India
 Growth of Agricultural Output and Technology
 Problems of Indian Agriculture
Chapter- 4 Water Resources
 Water resources- Surface water and Groundwater Resources
 Lagoons and Backwaters
 Water Demand and Utilisation – irrigation, domestic, industrial and other
uses;
 Emerging Water Problems: Deterioration of Water Quality
 Water Conservation and Management; Prevention of Water Pollution;
Rain water harvesting and Watershed management
Chapter- 5 Mineral and Energy Resources
 Mineral Resources: Introduction and Types
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 Major mineral belts of India
 Distribution of Ferrous Minerals (Iron ore and Manganese), Non-Ferrous
Minerals (Bauxite and Copper); Non-metallic minerals (Mica)
 Energy Resources: Conventional sources (Coal, Petroleum and Natural
gas) and non-conventional sources (Nuclear, Solar, Wind, Tidal and
Wave and Geothermal and Bio energy)
 Conservation of Mineral Resources

Chapter – 6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

• Planning- Introduction
• Target Area Planning: Hill Area Development Programme, Drought-Prone Area Programme.
•  Concept of Sustainable Development  Case Studies –
  1. Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur* Region,
  2. Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area

Unit 4:

Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication
● Means of transport: Land (Road transport, Rail transport and Oil and
Gas pipelines), Water transport (Inland waterways and Oceanic routes)
and Air transport
● Communication Networks- Personal and Mass Communication Systems

Chapter 8: International Trade

Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Exports and Import
Direction of Trade
Sea Ports as Gateways of International Trade
Major Seaports of India along with their hinterlands.
Airports

Class 12th Geography Syllabus Unit 5

Chapter 9: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

● Environmental pollution- Introduction and types
● Urban-waste disposal
● Rural-Urban Migration: Case Study
● Problems of Slums
● Land degradation: Case study

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