Correct option is D
Analysis of Each Statement:
"Succession studies can reveal the effects of non-native species on the ecological structures and functions of a community."
This is correct. Succession studies often show how non-native species (invasive species) affect the structure, composition, and function of ecological communities by outcompeting native species, altering nutrient cycles, or modifying habitat conditions.
"Studies of succession can indicate threshold conditions for the 'invasion window'."
This is correct. During succession, certain conditions or "windows" may allow non-native species to invade. For example, disturbances (such as fires or human activity) can create conditions in which invasive species are more likely to establish themselves in a community before the native species fully recover.
"Non-native invasion can divert succession by out-competing existing species."
This is correct. Non-native (invasive) species often disrupt natural succession by outcompeting native species for resources like light, nutrients, or space. This can alter the trajectory of succession and prevent the establishment of native communities.
"Succession studies show that coevolved native species always outcompete invasive species."
This is incorrect. While native species are often well-adapted to their environment, they do not always outcompete invasive species. In many cases, invasive species have evolved traits that give them a competitive advantage, such as faster growth rates, resistance to local pests or diseases, or better tolerance to environmental stress. Therefore, native species do not always outcompete invasive species.
