Which criterion is primarily related to causality in research?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Internal validity. Internal validity refers to the degree to which a study can demonstrate a causal relationship between variables, ensuring that the observed effect is due to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other factors. High internal validity means that the study effectively rules out alternative explanations for the results, which is essential in establishing causality. This is achieved through careful control of extraneous variables and design elements that minimize biases and confounding factors.
Explanation of Other Options: · Transferability (a): Pertains to the applicability of qualitative research findings to other contexts and is not related to causality.
· Measurement validity (b): Refers to the accuracy with which a tool measures the intended variable, but it does not establish causal relationships.
· External validity (c): Concerns the generalizability of the study’s findings to other settings or populations, rather than establishing causality.
Information Booster: 1. Internal Validity and Causality: High internal validity strengthens claims of causation in experimental and quasi-experimental research.
2. Control of Confounding Variables: Essential for internal validity, ensuring that the independent variable alone causes the effect.
3. Experimental Design: Randomization, control groups, and blinding are methods that improve internal validity.
4. Threats to Internal Validity: Includes history, maturation, testing effects, and instrumentation changes.
5. External vs. Internal Validity: Internal validity focuses on causality, while external validity addresses generalizability.