Two sets of theories are popular in the organisational behavior literature - The Behavioral and Cognitive. Behavioral theory constitutes of:

(A) Classical conditioning
(B) Operant conditioning
(C) Perceived consequences
(D) Social learning
(E) Prior learning

Choose the correct combination:

Correct option is B

Behavioral theories focus on observable behaviors and how they are learned through interaction with the environment. These theories emphasize the role of conditioning and reinforcement in shaping human actions. The three key components of behavioral theory are:

1. Classical Conditioning (A):

   • Developed by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning explains how behaviors are learned through association. A neutral stimulus, when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to evoke a conditioned response.

   • Example: In a workplace, if employees associate their manager’s presence with positive feedback, they may develop a positive response whenever they see the manager.

2. Operant Conditioning (B):

   • Proposed by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning emphasizes reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior.

   • Example: Employees receiving rewards (positive reinforcement) for meeting targets are more likely to repeat the behavior.

3. Social Learning (D):

   • Introduced by Albert Bandura, social learning theory suggests that individuals learn behaviors by observing others.

   • Example: A new employee may adopt the work habits of a senior colleague by watching and imitating them.

Information Booster:

Behavioral theory is significant in organizational behavior as it helps managers shape and modify employee actions using reinforcement techniques.

• Practical applications of Behavioral Theory in Organizations:

  1. Training & Development: Employees can learn through classical conditioning (association) or social learning (observing mentors).

  2. Performance Management: Rewards and punishments influence work behavior, a key concept of operant conditioning.

  3. Motivation & Behavior Modification: Managers use reinforcement to encourage desirable workplace behaviors.

  4. Change Management: Behavioral techniques help employees adapt to new policies through gradual learning and reinforcement.

Thus, behavioral theories help explain how learning and behavioral changes occur in an organizational setting.

Additional Knowledge:

Perceive Consequences (C) - Not a part of Behavioral Theory

• This concept belongs to Cognitive Learning Theory, which focuses on mental processes like thinking, memory, and decision-making.

• In cognitive theories, people interpret and evaluate the consequences of their actions rather than just responding to external reinforcement.

Prior Learning (E) - Not a part of Behavioral Theory

• This is associated with Cognitive Theories, where learning is influenced by past experiences, problem-solving, and internal thought processes.
• Example: Employees applying previous knowledge to a new job role is more aligned with cognitive learning, not behavioral conditioning.