Schooling reproduces norms and values. Norms and values are simply epiphenomenal expressions of the ruling class. This idea can be associated with:

Correct option is C

The idea that schooling reproduces the norms and values of society, which are epiphenomenal expressions of the ruling class, is associated with Marxism. Marxist theorists argue that education is a tool used by the ruling class to perpetuate their dominance by instilling a worldview that supports the existing social and economic structures.
Information Booster:
· (a) Realism: Focuses on objective reality, not specifically on the reproduction of ruling class ideologies.
· (b) Pragmatism: Concerned with practical outcomes and problem-solving, not with societal power structures.
· (d) Postmodernism: Critiques grand narratives but does not focus on education as a tool for class reproduction in the same way Marxism does.
Additional Knowledge:
· Marxism: Views education as a mechanism that reinforces the capitalist system and the dominance of the ruling class.
· Realism: Focuses on understanding reality and objective truth.
· Pragmatism: Emphasizes the practical application of ideas and their consequences.
· Postmodernism: Challenges universal truths and emphasizes the relativity of knowledge and power.