Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is discussed in the ___________.

Correct option is A

The concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is a central element of Lev Vygotsky's Socio-cultural theory. ZPD refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development, arguing that learning precedes development.
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(b) Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget: Jean Piaget's cognitive theory describes how children's cognitive abilities develop in stages. It includes sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. This theory emphasizes that children actively construct their understanding of the world through experiences and interactions.
(c) Psycho-social Theory of Erik Erikson: Erik Erikson's psycho-social theory outlines eight stages of human development, each characterized by a specific psychological conflict. These stages span from infancy to adulthood, focusing on tasks such as trust, autonomy, initiative, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity.
(d) Psycho-sexual Theory of Sigmund Freud: Sigmund Freud's psycho-sexual theory suggests that childhood development occurs in stages, each characterized by pleasure centered on a particular erogenous zone. The stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. These stages influence personality and behavior in adulthood.