​Who has given the three-fold classification of social movements—charismatic, organisational, and ideological—on the basis of his study?
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1. Charismatic Movements: These are driven by a charismatic leader who attracts followers through their personal appeal, vision, or extraordinary qualities. These movements tend to rely heavily on the leader's ability to inspire and lead, and often lack structured organization or ideological clarity beyond the leader's appeal.

2. Organizational Movements: These movements are more structured and organized, often with clear objectives and leadership roles distributed among various members. These movements are less dependent on individual charisma and more on organized efforts to bring about social or political change.

3. Ideological Movements: Movements that are primarily driven by a set of beliefs or ideology. They focus on a comprehensive and well-articulated worldview that inspires people to engage in collective action for the cause.

Oommen’s classification provides a framework to understand different types of social movements based on their dynamics, leadership, and focus. It is particularly useful for analyzing the variety of ways in which social movements can mobilize people and affect change in society.

Information Booster:

• T.K. Oommen's work on social movements is critical in the field of sociology, as it helps classify movements not just by their goals, but by their structure and leadership style.
• Charismatic movements can often experience instability if the leader’s influence diminishes.
• Organizational movements have a greater chance of sustainability due to their reliance on institutions and leadership that can continue beyond the leader's tenure.
• Ideological movements can drive change over the long term, especially when their ideas resonate deeply with society, but may face resistance due to rigid beliefs or dogmatic leadership.

Additional Information:

• P.N. Mukherji is known for his contributions to Indian sociology and social movements, but he did not provide this classification.
• Ghanshyam Shah has made significant contributions to the study of social movements in India, particularly focusing on peasant movements and their dynamics but did not classify social movements in the same way as Oommen.
• D.N. Dhanagare is another important sociologist in the study of Indian social movements, but his focus was more on the historical evolution of movements and their cultural context rather than providing a typology like Oommen’s.