Correct option is C
A, C, D, and E.
Robert K. Merton's four institutional imperatives, often referred to as the "norms of science," and how they relate to the options provided.
Robert K. Merton's Norms of Science:
Robert K. Merton, a prominent sociologist, identified four key norms that he argued are essential for the functioning of science as a social institution.
- Universalism:Scientific claims should be evaluated based on objective, pre-established criteria, not on the personal attributes or social standing of the scientist making the claim.
This means that scientific knowledge is open to everyone regardless of race, gender, nationality, or religion. - Communism (or Communality): Scientific findings should be shared freely and openly with the scientific community. Knowledge is considered common property, and secrecy is discouraged.
This norm promotes the rapid dissemination and verification of scientific ideas. - Disinterestedness: Scientists should strive for objectivity and avoid personal biases or financial interests that could influence their research. Their primary motivation should be the pursuit of knowledge, not personal gain.
- Organized Skepticism: All scientific claims should be subjected to rigorous scrutiny and critical evaluation before being accepted as valid. This norm encourages scientists to question assumptions, challenge prevailing theories, and demand empirical evidence.
Analyzing the Options:
- A. Universalism: This is one of Merton's four norms.
- B. Particularism: This is the opposite of universalism.
Merton argued against particularism in science. - C. Communism (or Communality): This is another of Merton's four norms.
- D. Disinterestedness: This is one of Merton's four norms.
- E. Organized scepticism: This is one of Merton's four norms.
The four institutional imperatives, according to Robert K. Merton, are:
- A. Universalism
- C. Communism
- D. Disinterestedness
- E. Organized scepticism
English
10 Questions
20 Marks
12 Mins
