Which are the constant (Achal) swar?

Correct option is B

Correct Answer: (B) Sa–Pa
Explanation:
→ In Indian classical music, the term Achal Swar ( constant swar) refers to those notes that do not change in pitch.
→ The Sa ( Shadja) and Pa ( Pancham) are known as the constant ( Achal) swars because they remain the same and are not altered by any sharps or flats in the scale. These notes maintain their pitch in all the ragas and are fundamental to Indian music theory.
→ Sa is considered the tonic note, and Pa is the fifth note of the octave.
→ These two notes are stable and provide a strong foundation in ragas, as they are not subjected to any variations or alterations.
→ Unlike other swars (such as Re, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni) which can be shuddha (natural), teevra (sharp), or komal (flat), Sa and Pa do not have any such variations.
Information Booster:
→ Sa (Shadja) is the starting note of the octave and forms the basis for all other notes in Indian classical music.
→ Pa (Pancham) is the fifth note in the scale and is harmonically stable.
→ These two notes are also referred to as Achal because their frequency does not change, unlike the other swars that can vary in different ragas.
→ The swara system is a critical aspect of Indian classical music, and Achal swars help in maintaining the tonal stability of the music.
→ Sa and Pa are typically not altered during the performance of ragas, providing a consistent reference point for both the performers and the audience.
→ These swars serve as anchor points in ragas, especially in classical improvisation.
Additional Information (Other Options):
Option (A) – Sa–Ga: Ga is a variable note (it can be shuddha or komal in different ragas), so it is not considered Achal.
Option (C) – Sa–Ma: Ma is a note that can also be teevra or shuddha, depending on the raga, hence not Achal.
Option (D) – Sa–Dha: Dha can be komal or shuddha, making it a variable note, not Achal.