​Which among the following is incorrect?​

Correct option is A

For the Jainas, śabda pramāṇa is reduced to Anumāna"

• InJaina epistemology,śabda pramāṇa(verbal testimony, often referring to scriptures or reliable speech) isnot reduced toanumāna(inference).

• Jainas acceptśabdaas adistinct and valid pramāṇa(underāgamaor authoritative testimony).

• This statement is INCORRECT.

Information Booster:

1. Pramāṇa means "means of valid knowledge" in Indian epistemology.

2. Śabda pramāṇa refers to verbal testimony, especially sacred texts or reliable verbal sources.

3. Jain epistemology accepts śabda as an independent pramāṇa, along with perception, inference, and comparison.

4. Buddhist epistemology generally denies śabda as an independent pramāṇa, focusing more on direct perception and inference.

5. Mīmāṃsā school considers Vedic verbal testimony as the highest pramāṇa, not reducible to other means.

6. Vedānta philosophy also endorses śabda pramāṇa, particularly for metaphysical and spiritual knowledge.

Additional Knowledge:

1. For Buddhists, śabda is not an independent Pramāṇa"

   • Buddhist epistemology(e.g., in Dignāga and Dharmakīrti) generallydoes not acceptśabdaas an independent pramāṇa.

   • It is often treated as a form ofanumāna(inference based on the reliability of the speaker).

   • This statement is CORRECT.

2. "For Mīmāmsa, śabda is an independent Pramāṇa"

   • TheMīmāṃsā schoolstrongly upholdsśabda(specificallyVedic testimony) as anindependent and primary pramāṇa.

   • This statement is CORRECT.

3. "For Vedāntists; śabda is a source of valid knowledge"

   • Vedānta(especially Advaita Vedānta) also acceptsśabda pramāṇa(particularlyśruti, the Vedic scriptures) as a valid and crucial means of knowledge.

   • This statement is CORRECT.

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