Correct option is B
"All cows are herbivores" (A-type)
We can immediately infer the following as true based on immediate inferences in classical logic (Square of Opposition and subalternation):
"Some cows are herbivores" (I-type)→True(Sub alternation: If "All S are P" is true, then "Some S are P" must also be true).
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Contradictories (A-O, E-I):
Always opposite truth values(one true, other false).
Example:If "All S are P" (A) is true → "Some S are not P" (O) is false.
Contraries (A-E):
Cannot both be true, butcan both be false.
Example:"All S are P" (A) and "No S are P" (E) can’t be true together.
Subcontraries (I-O):
Cannot both be false, butcan both be true.
Example:"Some S are P" (I) and "Some S are not P" (O) can coexist.
Subalternation (A→I, E→O):
Ifuniversal (A/E) is true, itsparticular (I/O) must be true.
Ifparticular is false, universal must be false.
English
10 Questions
20 Marks
12 Mins
