Which among the following are the elements of ethos of science propounded by Robert K. Merton?

A. Universalism
B. Humanism
C. Communism
D. Disinterestedness
E. Organized Scepticism

Choose the correct answer from the option given below:

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Correct option is C

A, C, D and E only

Robert K. Merton, a prominent sociologist, proposed the concept of the ethos of science, which refers to the set of values and norms that govern scientific behavior and the practice of science. These values guide how scientists conduct research, interact with one another, and contribute to the scientific community. The elements of the ethos of science as outlined by Merton include:

• Universalism (A): This principle asserts that scientific knowledge should be judged based on universal criteria, regardless of the scientist's social or personal characteristics. Knowledge is to be evaluated solely on its scientific merit, rather than the identity of the individual who produces it.
• Communism (C): Merton’s use of the term communism in the context of science refers to the idea that scientific knowledge is a collective enterprise and should be shared openly with the scientific community. Knowledge belongs to all, and the findings of research should be disseminated without personal ownership claims.
• Disinterestedness (D): This principle refers to the expectation that scientists should pursue knowledge objectively and without personal bias or self-interest. Their motivation should be the advancement of knowledge and not financial gain or personal benefit.
• Organized Scepticism (E): This principle suggests that all scientific claims must be subject to rigorous scrutiny and skepticism. Science requires critical evaluation, questioning of assumptions, and verification before accepting any conclusions or theories.

However, Humanism (B) is not one of the principles in Merton’s ethos of science. While humanism may influence how scientists approach problems, it is not a formal component of the ethos of science that Merton outlined.

Information Booster:

1. Universalism (A) ensures that scientific knowledge is not restricted by personal attributes such as race, gender, or nationality, promoting fairness and equality in scientific discourse.
2. Communism (C) promotes the free exchange of ideas and research findings, facilitating collaboration across different scientific disciplines and fostering global scientific progress.
3. Disinterestedness (D) helps maintain the objectivity and credibility of scientific research. By minimizing personal biases and financial interests, scientists can ensure the integrity of their work.
4. Organized Scepticism (E) fosters a culture of inquiry, where even established knowledge is continually questioned and tested, leading to more robust and reliable scientific theories.

Additional Information:

• Humanism (B): While humanism emphasizes the value of human welfare and ethical considerations in science, it is not specifically a part of Merton’s scientific ethos. Merton focused on the norms that define scientific activity and knowledge production rather than the moral or ethical values that might guide scientific work.