The degree to which two or more observers agree in their coding and scoring of behaviours they are observing and recording relates to:

Correct option is D

Inter-observer reliability refers to the degree to which different observers or raters consistently assess or score the same behaviour or phenomenon in a similar way. High inter-observer reliability means that there is agreement between observers, while low reliability suggests discrepancies in how observers interpret or record behaviours.

Information Booster:

1. Inter-observer reliability is a critical concept in observational research, ensuring that the data collected is consistent and not influenced by individual biases or interpretations.
2. The term emphasizes the importance of standardization in coding and scoring systems so that multiple observers can achieve similar results.
3. Observer bias occurs when an observer’s expectations or preferences influence how they record or interpret behaviours, which can undermine reliability.
4. Achieving high inter-observer reliability is essential in studies requiring accurate and objective measurement, especially in psychological, sociological, and clinical research.

Additional Knowledge:

• 1. Observer bias: This refers to the tendency of an observer to see what they expect or want to see, rather than what is actually happening. It can significantly reduce the reliability of observations.
• 2. Observer drift: This occurs when an observer’s coding or scoring criteria change over time, potentially leading to inconsistencies in how behaviours are recorded across sessions.
• 3. Subject reactivity: This refers to changes in a subject’s behaviour due to their awareness of being observed. It can affect the accuracy of the data but is unrelated to observer agreement.