The 5E (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate and Evaluate) model is an instructional model based on:

Correct option is B

The 5E Instructional Model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate) is directly based on the constructivist theory of learning.
Basic information about the topic: The 5E model is an inquiry-based pedagogical framework designed to help learners actively construct new concepts, skills, and understanding by building upon their prior experiences and knowledge.
Information Booster:
Explanation of the correct answer in pointers in detail
· Constructivist Foundation: The 5E Instructional Model—developed by the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) led by Roger Bybee in 1987—is grounded in Constructivism, which asserts that learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.
· Engage (Phase 1): Teachers access students' prior knowledge and engage them in a new concept through short activities or curiosity-provoking questions to foster interest and expose misconceptions.
· Explore (Phase 2): Students actively manipulate materials, conduct investigations, and collaborate, building a shared base of concrete experiences without immediate direct instruction from the teacher.
· Explain (Phase 3): Students verbalize their understanding and introduce their findings, after which the teacher formally introduces definitions, concepts, and scientific explanations to clarify their observations.
· Elaborate (Phase 4): Learners apply their newly acquired concepts and skills to new, related situations or real-world problems, deepening their conceptual understanding and generalizing their knowledge.
· Evaluate (Phase 5): Students and teachers assess understanding and demonstration of skills; it involves both formative ongoing assessment and summative evaluation of learning outcomes.
Additional Knowledge:
Explanation of the other options apart from the correct statements
· The Behaviourist Theory of Learning:
· Why it is not correct: Behaviorism (advocated by Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov) focuses on observable behavioral changes triggered by environmental stimuli, conditioning, and reinforcement (reward/punishment). It views the learner as a passive recipient rather than an active builder of conceptual frameworks.
· Thorndike's Trial and Error Theory:
· Why it is not correct: E. L. Thorndike's theory emphasizes connectionism and learning through repeated attempts, governed by the Laws of Readiness, Exercise, and Effect. While it explains habit formation and mechanical skill learning, it does not structure the progressive, reflective inquiry phases of the 5E constructivist model.
· The Incidental Theory of Learning:
· Why it is not correct: Incidental learning refers to unintentional, informal, or unplanned learning that occurs secondary to another main activity. The 5E model, by contrast, is a deliberately planned, structured, and goal-directed instructional design used in formal classroom teaching.