Surplus energy theory was proposed by:

Correct option is B

The Surplus Energy Theory was proposed by Friedrich Schiller (1873) and Herbert Spencer (1875). This theory suggests that play is a way for individuals—especially children—to expend excess energy that is not required for survival or routine activities. According to this idea, when basic physical needs are met, the remaining energy is used in activities like play, which are not goal-oriented but enjoyable.
Information Booster:
· The theory originated in the 19th century and was one of the earliest attempts to explain why humans, particularly children, engage in play.
· According to Spencer, play is a way to rehearse and refine behaviors using leftover energy, especially in the growing years.
· This theory emphasizes physical activity, but it has been criticized for not adequately explaining other forms of play such as imaginative or social play.
Additional Knowledge:
· (a) Lagarus 1883, Patrik 1916: These figures are more closely associated with other theories of play, such as instinct theory or recapitulation theory, not surplus energy.
· (c) Mitchell and Mason 1948: Known for work in educational and developmental psychology, but not for originating surplus energy theory.
· (d) G. Stanley Hall 1906: Proposed the Recapitulation Theory, which suggests that play allows children to relive evolutionary stages.