Response of participants who are well aware of the fact that they are being studied is considered as:

Correct option is D

The reactive effect occurs when participants modify their behavior or responses because they are aware they are being studied. This is a common phenomenon in research settings and can affect the validity of the data collected.
Characteristics of Reactive Effect:
1. Awareness Impact: Participants' awareness of being observed influences their natural behavior.
2. Altered Responses: Responses may align with what participants think the researcher expects or may reflect their desire to present themselves positively.
3. Common in Experimental Settings: Particularly evident in studies involving observation, interviews, or experiments.
Information Booster:
1. Examples of Reactive Effect:
· Hawthorne Effect: Participants improve performance simply because they are being observed.
· Social Desirability Bias: Participants provide responses they believe are socially acceptable.
2. Mitigating Reactive Effects:
· Use unobtrusive observation techniques.
· Employ deception (ethical and approved) to mask the study's purpose.
· Design anonymous or double-blind experiments.
Additional Knowledge:
1. (a) Directed Response:
· Refers to responses guided by specific instructions or cues, not by awareness of observation.
2. (b) Intentional Response:
· Indicates deliberate responses by participants to influence outcomes, but it does not account for unintentional alterations due to observation.
3. (c) Desire Effect:
· Not a recognized term in this context. It might loosely relate to participants' attempts to fulfill perceived expectations but is not the correct term for this phenomenon.