Methodology-Orientation-Postfactum-Generalization sequencing was given by whom?

Correct option is A

Robert Merton

The Methodology-Orientation-Postfactum-Generalization (MOPG) sequencing was introduced by Robert K. Merton, a prominent sociologist known for his contributions to functional analysis, social structure, and research methodology.

Merton’s MOPG sequence is a structured approach in sociological research that follows these steps:

1. Methodology – Developing a systematic approach to research, selecting appropriate methods (qualitative/quantitative), and ensuring validity and reliability.
2. Orientation – Establishing a theoretical perspective and aligning research within an existing sociological framework.
3. Postfactum – Conducting empirical analysis and interpreting findings after data collection.
4. Generalization – Drawing broader sociological conclusions and formulating theories based on empirical findings.

This approach bridges theoretical and empirical research, ensuring that sociological studies are both systematic and generalizable.

Information Booster:

• Robert Merton (1910–2003) contributed significantly to sociological theory and research methodology.
• He introduced the concept of Middle-Range Theories, which focus on empirical research rather than grand theories.
• His Strain Theory of Deviance explains how individuals adapt to social structures under pressure.
• He developed the concept of Manifest and Latent Functions, which analyzes both intended and unintended consequences of social actions.
• Merton was a pioneer in bridging theory with empirical research, which led to the development of modern sociological research methodologies.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect?

• (b) Talcott Parsons

  • Parsons developed Structural-Functionalism and Action Theory, focusing on social systems and institutions rather than research sequencing.

• (c) Max Weber

  • Weber introduced interpretive sociology, Verstehen (understanding approach), and ideal types but did not propose the MOPG sequencing.

• (d) George C. Homans

  • Homans is known for Exchange Theory, which explains social interactions in terms of cost-benefit analysis, not research methodology.