Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Classical Indian logicians regard deduction and induction as two separate logical processes.
Statement II: According to Classical Indian logicians verbal form is not essential to Inference.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct option is D

· Statement I is incorrect: Classical Indian logicians, particularly from the Nyaya school, do not emphasize a strict separation between deduction (Anumana) and induction (Upamana). While both are recognized processes of reasoning, they are integrated within the broader framework of valid knowledge ( Pramana), not strictly distinct.
· Statement II is correct: According to Nyaya philosophy, inference ( Anumana) does not require verbal form. The logical relationship between the Hetu (reason), Sadhya (proposition), and Paksha (subject) is essential, but verbal expression is not a prerequisite for the cognitive process.
Information Booster 1. Anumana (inference) is central to Nyaya logic and is defined as reasoning based on Vyapti (pervasive relation).
2. Verbal Form in Inference: While it helps in communication and teaching, it is not necessary for the cognitive process of understanding.
3. Nyaya Pramanas: The four means of valid knowledge are perception ( Pratyaksha), inference ( Anumana), comparison ( Upamana), and testimony ( Shabda).
4. Deduction and Induction: Although they exist in Nyaya logic, the rigid distinction is not emphasized as in Western logic.