Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A): The Classical Indian School of Logic, namely Nyāya, does not give separate treatment of the inductive methods.

Reason (R): According to Nyāya, universal propositions are obtained from perception itself by one of the forms of extra-ordinary perception.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is A

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). The Nyāya school of logic does not give a separate treatment of inductive methods. Instead, it incorporates both inductive and deductive reasoning within its framework of inference ( anumāna). Universal propositions are indeed derived through extraordinary perception (alaukika pratyakṣa), which is a form of perception recognized by Nyāya for obtaining certain knowledge beyond direct, ordinary sensory perception. This includes yogic perception and other non-ordinary forms that help arrive at general principles.
Information Booster: 1. Anumāna (Inference): Nyāya's form of inference includes both inductive and deductive elements but is not separated into distinct inductive or deductive categories.
2. Perception (Pratyakṣa): Ordinary perception is the direct sensory experience, while extraordinary perception includes methods to infer universal truths beyond regular sensory experience.
3. Alaukika Pratyakṣa (Extraordinary Perception): According to Nyāya, this includes forms of perception like yogic intuition, which can lead to the recognition of universal propositions.
4. Nyāya Logic: A comprehensive system that does not distinguish between induction and deduction explicitly but instead uses a unified approach to inference.
5. Extraordinary Perception: Involves non-sensory means of acquiring knowledge, often used for making universal claims in Indian epistemology.
6. Universal Propositions in Nyāya are obtained through a combination of perception, inference, and testimony, often extending beyond direct observation.