Given below are terms related to various experimental techniques (column X) and their applications (column Y):

Column X Technique		Column Y Application
A.	Mass Spectrometry	I.	Separation of whose chromosomes
B.	Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis	II.	Separation of isoenzymes
C.	Isoelectric Focusing	III.	Single – molecule-real-time sequencing
D.	PacBio	IV.	identification of post – translational modifications of proteins

Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

Correct option is A

A. Mass Spectrometry → iv. Identification of post-translational modifications of proteins

• Correct.
• Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool used for identifying proteins, peptides, and their post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, etc.

B. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) → i. Separation of whole chromosomes

• Correct.
• PFGE allows separation of very large DNA fragments, even entire chromosomes, by changing the direction of the electric field periodically.
• It is widely used in genomic DNA analysis and bacterial typing.

C. Isoelectric Focusing → ii. Separation of isoenzymes

• Correct.
• Isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on their isoelectric point (pI), which makes it suitable for resolving isoenzymes (variants of enzymes with different charges but similar functions).

D. PacBio → iii. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing

• Correct.
• PacBio (Pacific Biosciences) technology provides long-read, single-molecule real-time sequencing, ideal for genome assemblies, resolving structural variations, and detecting epigenetic modifications.

Information Booster:

1. Mass Spectrometry is essential in proteomics, capable of detecting mass-to-charge ratios of peptides, leading to protein identification and PTM analysis.
2. PFGE is the only electrophoresis technique that can resolve DNA fragments as large as entire chromosomes (>50 kb to several Mb).
3. Isoelectric focusing is a component of 2D gel electrophoresis, frequently used for protein profiling and isoenzyme detection.
4. PacBio SMRT sequencing produces long contiguous reads, improving detection of complex genomic regions.
5. These techniques are core tools in molecular biology, genomics, and proteomics workflows.
6. Combination of multiple techniques (e.g., isoelectric focusing followed by MS) enhances resolution and analytical accuracy.