Match the Following:

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is C

1. (A) Michael Porter → (II) Value Chain Analysis:

   • Michael Porter is widely recognized for his Value Chain Analysis theory, which helps businesses analyze their internal activities to create a competitive advantage. It examines the primary and support activities within a company to find ways to increase efficiency and improve profitability.

2. (B) Joel Dean → (I) The Cycle of Competitive Degeneration:

   • Joel Dean is known for his contributions to competition theory, particularly the cycle of competitive degeneration. This theory outlines how companies can lose their competitive edge over time if they fail to innovate or adjust to changing market conditions, resulting in a decline in their competitive position.

3. (C) Johnson and Scholes → (IV) PEST Analysis:

   • PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors) is a strategic tool used to analyze the macro-environment affecting a business.
   • Johnson and Scholes, known for their contributions to strategic management, helped refine environmental analysis techniques, including PEST analysis.

4. (D) David Morton → (III) Balanced Score Card:

   • The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a performance management framework designed to provide a holistic view of organizational performance.
   • It was developed by Kaplan and Norton, but David Morton contributed to its practical implementation and strategic impact.

Therefore, the correct matching is A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III.

Information Booster:

1. Michael Porter → Value Chain Analysis

   • Introduced in Competitive Advantage (1985), this tool helps businesses analyze internal activities to maximize value and reduce costs.
   • Divides activities into primary (logistics, operations, marketing, etc.) and support (HR, technology, procurement, etc.)functions to enhance efficiency and competitiveness.

2. Joel Dean → The Cycle of Competitive Degeneration

   • Describes how companies lose their competitive edge over time due to market saturation, lack of innovation, and rising competition.
   • To avoid degeneration, firms must continuously innovate and adapt.

3. Johnson and Scholes → PEST Analysis

   • A macro-environmental analysis tool that helps businesses assess Political, Economic, Social, and Technological (PEST) factors.
   • Useful for predicting risks, market trends, and external opportunities.

4. David Morton → Balanced Scorecard

   • A performance measurement framework covering four key perspectives:
     • Financial (profitability, revenue growth)
     • Customer (satisfaction, retention)
     • Internal Processes (efficiency, quality)
     • Learning & Growth (innovation, employee development)
   • Helps organizations track and align strategic goals beyond financial metrics.