As per Lev Vygotsky's ideas, a teacher should help students to achieve zone of proximal development by providing :

Correct option is C

scaffolding
Lev Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance. Scaffolding is the support provided by a teacher or more knowledgeable other within the ZPD. It involves giving just enough assistance to allow the learner to accomplish a task, gradually reducing this help as the learner becomes more competent. Punishments, rewards, and negative feedback don't align with the ZPD concept as they don't specifically address the learner’s immediate developmental needs.