According to Lev Vygotsky's theory, _______ shape(s) development.

Correct option is B

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that culture plays a central role in shaping cognitive development. He proposed that learning is a socially mediated process where cultural tools, language, and interactions with more knowledgeable individuals (such as parents, teachers, or peers) influence how a child develops cognitively. According to Vygotsky, cognitive growth occurs through guided participation and scaffolding within a child’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

Information Booster:

1. Culture’s Role: Tools, language, and practices from a child’s culture provide the framework for learning and problem-solving.
2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The difference between what a child can do independently and with assistance.
3. Scaffolding: Support provided by adults or peers to help a child perform tasks they cannot do alone.
4. Language: Central to cognitive development, serving as a primary tool for thought and communication.
5. Social Interaction: Interaction with more knowledgeable individuals accelerates learning and fosters skill development.

Additional Knowledge:

(a) Genes; Social: While genetics contribute to development, Vygotsky emphasized cultural and social influences over innate or biological factors.

(c) Nature; Emotional: Vygotsky’s theory does not focus on nature-driven emotional development. Emotional growth, while important, is often mediated by social and cultural factors.

(d) Emotions; Physical: Physical development is largely influenced by biological and environmental factors rather than emotions in Vygotsky’s framework.