Correct option is C
The correct answer is (c) High-yielding varieties (HYVs)
The Green Revolution in India, which began in the mid-1960s, marked a major transformation in Indian agriculture.
The most significant factor behind its success was the introduction and widespread adoption of High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, especially for crops like wheat and rice.
HYV seeds were scientifically developed to produce greater output per hectare, provided they were supplied with adequate irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides.
This revolution helped India move from a food-deficient country to becoming self-sufficient in food grain production by the 1970s.
Information Booster:
Green Revolution was launched under the leadership of M. S. Swaminathan, known as the Father of the Green Revolution in India.
HYV seeds were first introduced during the Fourth Five Year Plan.
Initially focused on wheat (Punjab, Haryana, UP) and later extended to rice.
It led to the mechanization of agriculture — use of tractors, harvesters, and tube wells.
Supported by public policies on MSP (Minimum Support Price), fertilizers, and procurement.
Boosted agricultural income, but also led to regional disparities and environmental concerns.
Additional Information:
• Organic Seeds – These are produced without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. Their popularity rose much later with the promotion of sustainable farming; not used in Green Revolution.
• Indigenous Seeds – Traditional seed varieties native to local regions. These were largely replaced by HYVs during the Green Revolution due to lower productivity.
• High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) –
Developed scientifically (e.g., Mexican wheat, IR-8 rice).
Require chemical inputs and irrigation.
Revolutionized Indian farming between 1965–1980.
• Traditional Seeds – Passed down through generations, suited for local climates but low-yielding. Green Revolution aimed to replace them for greater productivity.
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