Which one of the following is notbased on a Top-down approach?

Correct option is C

The learner understands language by concentrating on individual words and phrases.
This statement describes a bottom-up approach to language learning, which focuses on the individual components of language (words, phrases, grammar) before building up to understanding larger chunks of language (sentences, paragraphs, texts). Top-down approaches, on the other hand, start with the overall meaning of a text and use context to help learners understand individual words and phrases.