Which one of the following is not an internal force for organizational change?

Correct option is D

Organizational change forces are generally categorized into internal and external forces. Internal forces originate within the organization and directly affect its operations and structure. Examples include managerial behaviour, leadership changes, and workforce diversity—these factors come from within the organization itself.

On the other hand, changes in employee and customer expectations largely stem from the external environment. While employees are part of the organization, their evolving expectations often reflect broader societal and market trends outside the organization. Customer expectations, by definition, come from outside the company. These external pressures force organizations to adapt, but they are not considered internal forces since they originate outside the organizational boundary.

Information Booster:

​Change in Employee and customer expectations are external forces for organizational change. These expectations may be influenced by market trends, technological advancement, cultural shifts, or economic factors beyond the organization's control. Organizations must monitor these external demands and adapt accordingly to remain competitive, but these are not internal drivers.

Additional Knowledge:

(a) Managerial Behaviour: This is an internal force because how managers lead, communicate, and make decisions can drive organizational change. Changes in managerial style or philosophy directly affect internal processes and culture.

(b) Change in leadership: A leadership change involves shifts in vision, strategy, and organizational priorities from within the organization, making it an internal force.

(c) Workforce Diversity: Changes in the composition of employees based on age, gender, ethnicity, skills, etc., come from recruitment and internal HR policies, thus are internal forces influencing organizational change.