Which method has been considered a gold standard for body fat percentage assessment?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Hydrostatic weighing, also known as underwater weighing or hydrodensitometry, is widely regarded as the gold standard for body fat percentage assessment due to its accuracy and reliability. This method relies on the principle of buoyancy and Archimedes' principle to measure an individual's body density, from which body fat percentage can be calculated.The process of hydrostatic weighing involves submerging the individual in a specially designed tank of water while they exhale as much air as possible from their lungs to minimize lung volume. The individual is then weighed underwater using a scale or load cell while submerged, with the weight measurement taken underwater serving as the body's underwater weight. By comparing the underwater weight to the individual's dry weight (weight on land), the density of the body can be calculated using the formula:Density = Mass (Dry Weight) / Volume (Body Volume Underwater)The body volume underwater is determined by measuring the amount of water displaced by the individual's body when submerged. This is achieved by collecting the water displaced during the immersion process and measuring its volume using a calibrated container or displacement tank. The volume measurement is then used in conjunction with the underwater weight to calculate body density.