What is the reason of difference in maximal cardiac output between trained and untrained athelete?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Cardiac output (CO) is a crucial physiological parameter that represents the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time, typically measured in liters per minute (L/min). It is calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR), the number of heartbeats per minute, by stroke volume (SV), the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

[CO = HR \SV]

Trained athletes, particularly those engaged in endurance activities such as distance running, cycling, or swimming, often exhibit higher maximal cardiac output compared to untrained individuals. This is primarily due to adaptations in stroke volume resulting from cardiovascular training.Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart with each contraction, or systole. It is determined by factors such as preload (the volume of blood filling the heart), afterload (the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood), and contractility (the strength of myocardial contraction).