Correct option is C
The German geographer Albrecht Penck (1858–1945) is credited with stating that "Geography is a bridge between the natural and social sciences."
Geography connects the physical world (natural sciences) with human activities (social sciences).
Penck contributed significantly to geomorphology, climate studies, and settlement geography.
He emphasized that geographical studies must integrate both physical landscapes and human interactions.
Thus, the correct answer is:
Albrecht Penck
Natural Science Aspect (Physical Geography)
- Studies landforms, climate, hydrology, biogeography.
- Uses scientific methods like GIS, remote sensing, and meteorology.
- Example: Climate change studies, earthquake analysis.
Social Science Aspect (Human Geography)
- Studies population, culture, urbanization, geopolitics, and economics.
- Focuses on how human societies interact with their environment.
- Example: Urban planning, migration studies, and economic geography.
Geography is an integrative discipline because it examines how natural factors influence human societies and how human actions impact the environment.
Gerhard Schott → Known for oceanography, not for defining geography’s relationship with sciences.
Walter Christaller → Developed Central Place Theory, focused on economic geography and urban planning.
Karl Haushofer → Famous for Geopolitics, not for linking geography to natural and social sciences.