The 'State' under Article 12 of the Indian Constitution includes:
a. Local authorities or other authorities within the territory of India or under control of Government of India.
b. The Government and Parliament of India.
c. The Government and Legislature of each of the States.

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) a, b and c
Explanation:
● Article 12 of the Constitution defines the term 'State' for the purpose of Fundamental Rights. It includes:
1. The Government and Parliament of India (Executive and Legislative organs of the Union).
2. The Government and Legislature of each of the States.
3. All local authorities (like municipalities, panchayats).
4. Other authorities (statutory or non-statutory bodies like LIC, ONGC, SAIL, etc.). ​
Information Booster:
● The definition of 'State' is crucial because Fundamental Rights are primarily enforceable against the State.
● Judiciary is generally not included under Article 12 unless it is performing administrative functions.
Additional Knowledge:
● Article 12 marks the beginning of Part III of the Constitution.