Correct option is C
The correct answer is (c).
Demographic stochasticity. Demographic stochasticity refers to random fluctuations in the birth and death rates of individuals in a population. It does not depend on intra-specific (within-species) or inter-specific (between-species) interactions but rather occurs due to chance events, such as random variations in reproduction or survival. Therefore, demographic stochasticity is unlikely to depend on species interactions.
Incorrect options-
Dispersal (a): Involves movement influenced by competition, predation, and habitat conditions, thus depends on species interactions.
Niche differentiation (b): Results from evolutionary and ecological interactions among species to reduce competition.
Resource competition (d): Directly involves intra- and inter-specific interactions as species compete for limited resources.
