The Hawk-Dove game serves as a model for conflict resolution in evolutionary game theory, wherein players 1 and 2 have the option of employing either an aggressive (Hawk) or a peaceful (Dove) strategy. The diverse interaction scenarios and their corresponding payoffs (P, Q, R, S) are presented in the following matrix:
If the value of the resource (the benefit), the cost of losing a fight in the above matrix, which one of the following options correctly represents the payoffs?
When Hawk meets Hawk: Each has 50% chance of winning and 50% chance of losing → payoff = (V −
C)/2
•When Hawk meets Dove: Hawk gets full benefit (V), Dove gets 0
•When Dove meets Hawk: Dove gets 0, Hawk gets V
•When Dove meets Dove: Resource shared equally → V/2 each
So, correct payoff matrix:
P = (V − C)/2, Q = V, R = 0, S = (V/2)
The table below lists conditions (Column X) and their evolutionary/behavioural outcome (Column Y).
Column X | Column Y |
|---|---|
A. Cooperative breeding mediated by kin selection without physiological suppression of reproduction | i. Eusocial species such as naked mole rats |
B. Hormonal reproductive suppression in nonbreeding females mediated by aggression | ii. High paternity certainty , low risk of cuckoldry |
C. Biparental care | iii. Delayed dispersal and breeding of offspring such as in social birds |
Which one of the options below is a correct match between all terms of Column X and Column Y?
In a polluted aquatic environment, bacteria are chronically exposed to low concentrations of multiple antibiotics released from pharmaceutical effluents. Over time, resistant colonies appear even when the antibiotic concentration remains constant. To determine whether resistance arises through induced mutation (a physiological response to antibiotics) or random mutation followed by selection, an ecologist performs a fluctuation test similar to that of Luria and Delbrück (1943) using replicate bacterial cultures.
Which one of the following outcomes would best support the conclusion that antibiotic resistance arises by random mutation followed by selection, rather than by induction?
Which one of the following statements about evolution of the vertebrate brain is most accurate?
A certain trait in a species is governed by variation at the AB locus that has two alleles (A, B), giving rise to three genotypes: AA, AB, and BB. A sample of 1000 individuals was genotyped and the data are given below:
AA = 400
AB = 400
BB = 200
Assume that each genotype is represented equally in males and females and mating is random. If the parents were randomly drawn from the given sample, which one of the following options gives all correct values of the offspring genotype frequencies?
Following statements were made regarding the theory of symbiogenesis in the origin of eukaryotic cells.
A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have typically their own circular DNA, similar to bacterial DNA.
B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by a single membrane like other organelles.
C. Division of mitochondria and chloroplasts occurs synchronously with the division of nuclear genome.
D. Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to those found in prokaryotes.
E. Genetic analysis shows that mitochondrial DNA is closely related to certain proteobacteria.
Which one of the following options has all the correct statements?
Given below are mechanisms that can facilitate major evolutionary transitions, such as the transition from genes to genomes, from unicellular to multicellular organisms, or from individuals to colonies.
A. Conflict mediation mechanisms maintain cooperation within emergent units.
B. Reduced genetic relatedness among cooperating units accelerates these transitions.
C. Division of labour evolves when specialisation increases group-level fitness more than individual fitness losses.
D. Transitions are irreversible once higher-level individuality is achieved.
Which of the following options is a combination of all correct statements?
Options:
The table below gives different eras (Column X) and periods of the geological time scale (Column Y).
Column X
A. Ordovician
B. Permian
C. Paleogene
D. Cretaceous
Column Y
i. Mesozoic
ii. Cenozoic
iii. Paleozoic
Which one of the following options represents all correct matches of Column X and Column Y?
In a monogamous haplodiploid social insect colony, sterile workers assist the queen in producing additional sisters instead of reproducing themselves. According to Hamilton’s rule, altruistic behaviour is favoured when the genetic benefit to relatives (weighted by coefficient of relatedness, r) exceeds the cost (c) to the actor.
If a worker helps the queen raise three daughters instead of producing two of her own, then based on Hamilton’s rule, will helping behaviour evolve?
(Assume genetic unit = number of offsprings weighted by r as a measure of inclusive fitness)
Which one of the following is NOT an evolutionary model for mate choice in animals?
During long-term growth in static liquid culture, Pseudomonas fluorescens diversifies into distinct colony types with the following characteristics: wrinkly spreaders that form biofilms at the oxygen-rich surface, smooth morphs that grow freely in the oxygen-poor bottom layer, and fuzzy types that colonise the intermediate zone. Which one of the following evolutionary processes best explains this ecological diversification?
