Correct option is D
Correct Answer: (d)
Explanation: The direct benefit, good gene, and chase-away models are all established theories explaining mate choice based on sexual selection. They describe how individuals choose mates to gain immediate benefits, genetic advantages for offspring, or as a result of sexual conflict and sensory bias. The green beard effect, however, explains altruism toward individuals carrying the same recognizable genetic trait and is not a model of mate choice. Hence, it is not an evolutionary model for mate choice.
Information Booster
· Mate choice models explain how sexual selection shapes reproductive traits.
· Direct benefit model focuses on immediate advantages like resources or protection.
· Good gene model emphasizes indirect genetic benefits to offspring.
· Chase-away model involves sexual conflict and exaggerated traits.
· Mate choice is a key driver of sexual dimorphism and speciation.
Additional Knowledge
The green beard effect involves a gene (or set of linked genes) that produces a visible trait, allows individuals to recognize that trait in others, and promotes preferential treatment of those individuals. This mechanism is mainly discussed in the context of kin selection and altruism rather than sexual selection or mate choice. Therefore, it is conceptually distinct from mate choice models used to explain reproductive behavior.
