​Characteristics of industrial relations include:
A. An outcome of employment relationships in an organisation
B. Develop the skills and methods of adjusting to and cooperating with each other
C. Create rules and regulations to maintain harmonious relations
D. Government is not involved in shaping industrial relations
E. Parties to industrial relations are employees, their organisations and employers
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:​

Correct option is D

Industrial relations refer to the dynamic and complex relationships among employers, employees, and their representatives, with or without the involvement of the government.

• Statement A is correct because industrial relations result from the employment relationship between workers and management in any organisation.

• Statement B is also valid as industrial relations involve adjusting to mutual needs and cooperation for workplace harmony.

• Statement C is correct since industrial relations focus on creating and following rules, practices, and agreements that help maintain peace and stability in the industry.

• Statement E is correct too because the primary parties in industrial relations include employees, trade unions (or employee organisations), and employers.

• However, Statement D is incorrect as the government plays a vital role in shaping, monitoring, and regulating industrial relations through laws, policies, and institutions like labour courts and industrial tribunals.

Information Booster:

Industrial relations encompass more than just disputes and settlements; they involve continuous interaction and cooperation between all parties. These relations:

• Influence productivity and efficiency of the organisation.

• Involve legal, social, psychological, and economic dimensions.

• Aim to balance the interests of workers and employers.

• Are influenced by labour legislation, trade unionism, collective bargaining, and the role of the state.

• Ensure industrial peace, reducing strikes or lockouts.

• Focus on the development of mutual trust and institutional frameworks for negotiation and grievance resolution.

Additional Knowledge:

Statement D: "Government is not involved in shaping industrial relations" is incorrect.
The government is deeply involved in industrial relations through:

• Legislation (like the Industrial Disputes Act, Trade Union Act).

• Regulatory bodies (such as labour courts, conciliation officers).

• Policy formulation to promote fairness and industrial harmony.
  Hence, it is misleading to state that the government has no involvement.