Match List I with List II and choose the option with the correct answer:

LIST - I
(i) Classical Theory
(ii) Humans Relations
(iii) Behavioural Approach
(iv) Systems Approach

LIST - II
(1) Fact orientation
(2) Environment
(3) Structure
(4) Informal organization
(5) Incentives to work

Codes:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Correct option is B

Introduction:

The matching of management approaches with their core characteristics reflects foundational theories in organizational management  Correct answer: option (b) - (i)-(3), (ii)-(4), (iii)-(1), (iv)-(2).

Information Booster:

• Classical Theory – (3) Structure: This approach emphasizes the formal organizational structure, hierarchy, and principles of efficiency, pioneered by Taylor, Fayol, and Weber.

  • It focuses on scientific management, division of labor, and scalar chain to achieve predictability and control in operations.

• Humans Relations – (4) Informal organization: Rooted in Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo, it highlights informal groups, social needs, and interpersonal dynamics over formal rules.

  • Stresses morale, group norms, and non-monetary incentives to boost productivity through employee satisfaction.

• Behavioural Approach – (1) Fact orientation: Builds on Human Relations with an empirical, fact-based study of human behavior using insights from psychology and sociology (Maslow, McGregor).

  • Integrates motivation theories, leadership styles, and group dynamics for a scientific lens on people management.

• Systems Approach – (2) Environment: Views organization as an open system interacting with its environment, emphasizing inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback loops.

  • Highlights interdependence of subsystems (technology, people, structure) and adaptation to external factors.