Cattell proposed his theory of fluid and crystallized intelligences on the basis of which of the following?

Correct option is B

The correct answer is Second order factors of abilities.
1. Second-order factors of abilities refer to broader, more generalized intellectual abilities that emerge from the interaction of first-order factors. First-order factors are specific abilities like memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed. Second-order factors organize and combine these first-order abilities into larger constructs.
2. In Cattell's model, fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence are second-order factors that integrate various first-order abilities into distinct types of cognitive functioning. Fluid intelligence is concerned with the ability to reason and solve novel problems, while crystallized intelligence involves using knowledge gained from experience.

Information Booster: 

Cattell’s Theory of Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence

1. Fluid Intelligence:
1.1. Fluid intelligence refers to the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. It involves abstract reasoning, pattern recognition, and problem-solving.
1.2. This form of intelligence is innate and primarily influenced by biological and genetic factors. Fluid intelligence tends to peak in early adulthood and declines with age.
1.3. It is assessed using tests of reasoning and pattern identification, like solving puzzles and understanding complex relationships.

2. Crystallized Intelligence:
2.1. Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills accumulated over time through education and experience. It involves the ability to apply learned knowledge and past experiences to solve problems.
2.2. Crystallized intelligence increases with age as individuals gather more knowledge and experience from their environment. Unlike fluid intelligence, it is less affected by age and continues to grow throughout life.
2.3. It is typically measured through tests of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reading comprehension, all of which reflect learned experiences and knowledge.

3. The Interaction of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence:
3.1. According to Cattell, both types of intelligence are independent but interact with each other. Fluid intelligence helps in learning new things, which in turn contributes to crystallized intelligence.
3.2. For instance, the ability to reason abstractly (fluid intelligence) helps an individual learn and apply knowledge (crystallized intelligence) in new and different contexts.

4. The Emergence of the Theory:
4.1. Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence emerged as part of his broader work on intelligence, where he sought to describe the structural nature of human abilities.
4.2. He proposed that intelligence is not a single, unitary entity but rather a complex system of multiple abilities, categorized into first- and second-order factors.
4.3. His work helped lay the foundation for further research into intelligence testing, age-related cognitive changes, and the distinction between innate cognitive ability and learned knowledge.