Correct option is A
The correct answer is PASS model.
1. The PASS model was proposed by J.P. Das, Jack A. Kirby, and J. R. Parrila. It identifies three major functional units of the brain involved in cognitive processing:
P (Planning): Involves the cognitive processes that help in organizing and executing tasks.
A (Attention): Focuses on sustaining attention and maintaining cognitive focus.
S (Simultaneous processing): Involves receiving and storing information.
S (Successive processing): Helps in organizing information in a sequence.
2. The model emphasizes how different areas of cognitive functioning interact to facilitate problem-solving, memory, and attention.
Information Booster
Luria's Information Processing Theory:
1. Alexander Luria, a Russian neuropsychologist, developed a comprehensive model of brain function, emphasizing the brain as a set of interconnected functional systems rather than isolated regions.
2. His theory suggests that the brain is organized into three primary functional units:
Unit I (The Primary Unit): Involved in receiving and processing sensory information. This unit includes the sensory areas of the brain, where basic information like visual, auditory, and tactile sensations are received.
Unit II (The Secondary Unit): Responsible for attention, perception, and decision-making. This part of the brain is associated with higher cognitive functions such as focusing attention, organizing responses, and selecting relevant actions.
Unit III (The Tertiary Unit): Involves planning, problem-solving, and complex thought processes. It includes the prefrontal cortex, responsible for organizing thoughts and behaviors in response to different challenges.
3. Luria proposed that these units do not work in isolation. Instead, they work together as a dynamic system to enable integrated cognitive processing. For example, sensory information received in Unit I is interpreted and acted upon with the help of the higher cognitive functions in Units II and III.
4. The theory also highlights how brain damage to specific areas can affect different cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, or language. It stresses that the loss of a single unit may impact overall cognitive functioning.
5. Luria’s work on neuropsychological rehabilitation showed how individuals could recover and adapt if one functional unit of the brain was damaged, through compensatory changes in the remaining units.
Additional Information
Kar and Parrila's Model:
1. Kar and Parrila's Model focuses on reading and language development. It explains the process through which cognitive and neural mechanisms work to understand, process, and produce language, particularly in children and adults with reading difficulties.
2. The model emphasizes the role of cognitive resources and their utilization during reading. It focuses on the interaction between phonological processing, working memory, and visual processing while reading.
3. It highlights the need for coordinated cognitive skills in language acquisition, including understanding word meanings, decoding text, and associating sound to symbols. The model is significant in understanding dyslexia and related reading disorders, suggesting that weaknesses in these areas lead to challenges in reading comprehension and fluency.
4. This model provides insight into how reading difficulties can arise from a combination of cognitive deficits (like poor phonological processing) and environmental factors, which can impact language and literacy development.
Atkinson and Shiffrin Model:
1. The Atkinson and Shiffrin model, known as the multi-store model of memory, was introduced in 1968 and describes the process of memory encoding, storage, and retrieval.
2. This model consists of three components:
-Sensory Memory: The initial stage where sensory information (like sight, sound, and touch) is briefly stored. Sensory memory has a large capacity but a very short duration, typically lasting only a few milliseconds to a couple of seconds.
-Short-Term Memory (STM): A temporary storage system where information is held for a limited time (typically 15-30 seconds). Information in STM is either lost or transferred to long-term memory through rehearsal.
-Long-Term Memory (LTM): Information that is rehearsed and encoded into long-term storage. This information can be retained for extended periods, ranging from hours to a lifetime.
3. The model suggests that memory operates in a sequential and linear fashion, where information first enters sensory memory, then moves to short-term memory, and eventually to long-term memory.
4. This model has been foundational in memory research, though it has been critiqued for oversimplifying the complexity of memory processes, particularly in its failure to account for the active role of working memory and the interaction between different memory systems.
Hunt’s Model:
1. Hunt’s model of cognitive processing emphasizes the role of intelligence and cognitive strategies in problem-solving. He proposed that individuals vary in their ability to process information and employ strategies based on their cognitive resources.
2. Hunt focused on the flexibility of cognitive strategies, suggesting that individuals with higher intelligence tend to use more efficient and adaptable strategies for problem-solving, whereas those with lower intelligence might rely on more rigid or simplistic methods.
3. The model integrates both verbal and nonverbal reasoning, looking at how these processes contribute to an individual’s overall cognitive ability. Hunt’s approach emphasizes how cognitive flexibility allows for better problem-solving, whereas a fixed, less flexible cognitive approach might limit one’s ability to adapt to new challenges.
4. Unlike other models, Hunt's theory is more focused on individual differences in intelligence and cognitive styles, suggesting that cognitive flexibility is central to how individuals adapt to and solve complex problems.
English
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