Behavioral and cognitive responses in organisms are finely tuned to environmental cues. Given below is a list of specific hormone/chemical signals (Column X) and biological functions (Column Y).

Column X Hormone/Chemical signal	Column Y Function
A. Cortisol	I. Movement and coordination
B. Adrenaline	II. Sleep-wake cycle
C. Melatonin	III. Stress response
D. Dopamine	IV. Flight or fright response

Select the option that represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y.

Correct option is B

Sol. Let's match the hormones in Column X with their respective biological functions in Column Y:

• Cortisol (A):

  • Function: Cortisol is primarily associated with the stress response, and it helps in regulating metabolism and the body's response to stress.

  • Correct Match: A-iii (Stress response).

• Adrenaline (B):

  • Function: Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) is involved in the fight or flight response. It prepares the body for rapid action in stressful situations.

  • Correct Match: B-iv (Fight or flight response).

• Melatonin (C):

  • Function: Melatonin is primarily involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, helping to control circadian rhythms.

  • Correct Match: C-ii (Sleep-wake cycle).

• Dopamine (D):

  • Function: Dopamine plays a crucial role in movement and coordination, especially in the brain's motor control systems, and is involved in the reward system.

  • Correct Match: D-i (Movement and coordination).

Therefore, the correct matching option is Option 2: A-iii; B-iv; C-ii; D-i.

Information Booster:

• Cortisol: Known as the "stress hormone," cortisol is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress and plays a significant role in the body's metabolic and immune functions during stressful situations.

• Adrenaline (Epinephrine): A key hormone in the body's acute stress response, adrenaline prepares the body for "fight or flight" by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply to muscles, enabling rapid physical action.

• Melatonin: This hormone is produced by the pineal gland and regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It is released in response to darkness and helps synchronize the body's circadian rhythms.

• Dopamine: A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement and coordination. It is also involved in reward processing and pleasure, and a lack of dopamine is associated with movement disorders like Parkinson's disease.

Additional Information:

• Option 1 (A-ii; B-iv; C-iii; D-i): C-iii is incorrect. Melatonin is involved in the sleep-wake cycle, not the stress response.

• Option 3 (A-iv; B-iii; C-ii; D-i): A-iv is incorrect. Cortisol is not primarily involved in the fight or flight response, it is related to the stress response.

• Option 4 (A-iii; B-ii; C-i; D-iii): B-ii and C-i are incorrect. Adrenaline is involved in the fight or flight response, and melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle, not movement and coordination.