_____ arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument, zero error in the instrument, etc.

Correct option is C

Correct Answer: (c) Instrumental errors
Explanation:
· Instrumental errors occur due to imperfect calibration, faulty design, zero error, or wear and tear of the measuring instrument.
· These errors are systematic and affect measurements in a predictable way.
Information Booster:
· Common causes of instrumental errors:
· Improper zero setting
· Parallax error due to poor scale design
· Friction in mechanical instruments
· Aging or damage of components
· Instrumental errors can often be corrected by calibration or applying zero correction.
Additional Knowledge:
· Relative error (a): Ratio of absolute error to the true value; not an error type but an error measure.
· Least count error (b): Arises due to the smallest division an instrument can measure; contributes to measurement uncertainty.
· Random errors (d): Occur unpredictably due to environmental/observer factors, not instrument design.