According to Kohlberg the pre-conventional level of moral development is characterised by :

Correct option is B

The pre-conventional level of moral development, as described by Lawrence Kohlberg, is the first stage of his theory. At this level, moral reasoning is primarily egocentric and focuses on the consequences of actions. Right and wrong are judged based on rewards, punishments, or the physical consequences of an act rather than on societal rules or abstract principles.

This stage is divided into two sub-stages:

1. Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation – Actions are judged based on whether they lead to punishment.
2. Stage 2: Self-Interest Orientation – Actions are motivated by the desire to gain rewards or personal benefits.

Thus, option (b) best describes this level, as individuals base their moral reasoning on the direct consequences of their actions.

Information Booster

1. Kohlberg’s theory has three levels: Pre-Conventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional.
2. The pre-conventional level typically applies to children but can appear in adults under certain circumstances.
3. This level emphasizes self-centered reasoning, where external authority dictates morality.
4. Understanding consequences (rewards or punishments) shapes decisions at this stage.
5. Progression to higher levels requires cognitive and social development.
6. This level is focused on compliance with authority to avoid punishment or gain rewards.