Who considered bureaucracy as the 'State's consciousness'?

Correct option is A

· Karl Marx considered bureaucracy as a key instrument of the state, which he viewed as an entity that serves the interests of the ruling class (bourgeoisie) in a capitalist society. Marx argued that the state and its bureaucracy function to maintain the dominance of the ruling class and suppress the working class. In his writings, particularly in his critique of the state, Marx referred to bureaucracy as part of the state's superstructure, which upholds the capitalist system. For Marx, the bureaucracy acts as the "State's consciousness," representing the ruling ideology and reinforcing class exploitation.
Information Booster:
1. Marx's view of the state is that it serves as an instrument for the ruling capitalist class to maintain control over the working class.
2. Bureaucracy, according to Marx, is a tool that helps maintain the status quo by administering policies that benefit the elite, thus supporting class oppression.
3. Marx's theory of the state links the state apparatus, including the bureaucracy, to the interests of the bourgeoisie.
4. For Marx, the state is not neutral, but a vehicle for perpetuating the existing power structures in a capitalist society.
5. Marx's critique of bureaucracy focuses on how it becomes alienated from the people and serves only the ruling interests, contributing to class struggle.