Correct option is A
Positive liberalism emphasizes the role of the state in ensuring the conditions necessary for individuals to achieve their full potential. Unlike classical liberalism, which focuses on negative liberty (freedom from interference), positive liberalism advocates for a more active role of the state in promoting social and economic equality.
H. J. Laski (Harold Joseph Laski) was a British political theorist and an advocate of positive liberalism. He argued that the state should intervene to address social inequalities and provide opportunities for individual development. Laski believed in balancing individual liberty with collective welfare, emphasizing the importance of education, healthcare, and labor rights as essential for true freedom.
Key Points:
- Positive liberalism supports the active role of the state in ensuring equality and social justice.
- Laski argued that freedom is meaningful only when individuals have the resources to exercise it.
- His works contributed significantly to modern democratic socialism and welfare state policies.
Information Booster:
- Milton Friedman: Associated with classical liberalism and neoliberal economics, emphasizing minimal state intervention.
- Robert Nozick: A libertarian philosopher who championed negative liberty and opposed state intervention beyond basic functions like protecting individual rights.
- Herbert Spencer: Known for Social Darwinism, Spencer advocated for minimal state interference and the survival of the fittest, aligning with classical liberalism.
Additional Information:
- Positive liberalism forms the foundation of welfare states, focusing on reducing economic and social inequalities.
- Laski’s works influenced post-World War II policies in Europe, particularly the establishment of social safety nets.
- Examples of positive liberalism in practice include universal healthcare, public education, and social security systems.
