Who among the following is associated with a ‘philosophy of praxis’?

Correct option is D

Explanation:
Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist theorist, is closely associated with the "philosophy of praxis," a concept that emphasizes the integration of theory and practice in the process of societal change.
His Prison Notebooks elaborate on how cultural and ideological practices are central to maintaining and transforming power structures.
Gramsci advocated for the role of intellectuals and cultural institutions in constructing and maintaining "hegemony," which he defined as the consent-based dominance of a ruling class.

Information Booster:
Gramsci believed that theory must be actively applied to effect social change, rejecting purely abstract or detached theorizing.
Hegemony: He expanded on Marxist ideas to explain how cultural institutions like education, religion, and media serve as tools for ruling class dominance, maintaining consent rather than coercion.
Gramsci emphasized the role of intellectuals in critiquing and reforming hegemonic structures to empower the working class.
His ideas continue to influence fields like cultural studies, sociology, and political theory.
Notable Works by Gramsci:
Prison Notebooks
Concepts like "war of position" and "subaltern studies" have deep roots in his theories.

Additional Knowledge:
Lukacs was a Marxist thinker known for History and Class Consciousness, but he emphasized class consciousness and reification, rather than a philosophy of praxis.
A cultural theorist, Williams explored "cultural materialism," emphasizing the dynamic interaction between culture and society, but he did not explicitly use the term "philosophy of praxis."
Hall was a cultural theorist who founded the field of cultural studies and analyzed race, identity, and media but was not directly associated with Gramsci's "philosophy of praxis."